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seven six five four three two

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[Music]

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what is up everybody you are watching

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NASA in Silicon Valley live for Thursday

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December 20th 2018 I am your host Matt

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Buffington and as my co-host we have you

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might recognize her from our Halloween

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episode you also might recognize her

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sultry voice from our star wash video we

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have our very own Danielle Carmichael

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over here I told her I had something in

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store for the for the introduction but

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didn't want to spoil it completely for

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is that going you know it's going great

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I can't I can't wait we're gonna have a

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really exciting show up for us today we

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have a fun unboxing episode for you guys

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you see sporting my kind of ugly

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Christmas sweater going on over here

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don't mind the reindeer floating in

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space see Danielle you got your you got

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your necklace going she came up with

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just the polo shirt and I was like I

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want more Christmas more stuff so but

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speaking of having more Christmas Dave

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sitting on over here and I promised Dave

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that I had this hat for him you think

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I'm not quite Christmassy enough about

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you like we needed to turn up the

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Christmas a little bit more see look at

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that that is pretty awesome to the right

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I think it works so if folks if you

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can't tell it is the holidays here and

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we are excited and getting into the

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holiday spirit and we're gonna be

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opening up a whole bunch of gifts today

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this is the unboxing show that you have

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all been looking forward to we're have a

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whole bunch of different gifts that are

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unique to NASA's Ames Research Center in

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Silicon Valley and this is gonna be

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pretty crazy we have a whole bunch of

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people lined up with boxes that we're

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gonna unwrap so awesome we've got so

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much tremendous stuff here it's gonna be

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a fun time but if you didn't know this

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is NASA in Silicon Valley live it is a

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conversational show out of NASA's Ames

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Research Center here in Silicon Valley

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where we talked to the various

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scientists researchers engineers and

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all-around cool people at NASA where we

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talked about all of the nerdy NASA news

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that you need to know about and if you

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like that we are right now

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live on twitch.tv slash NASA as this

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wonderful lower-third indicates we're

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also live on Facebook and YouTube but if

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you want to participate in the chat live

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you have to go to Twitter on TV slash

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NASA and we are going to be collecting

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those questions throughout the episode

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so you come on in like typing your

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questions we're gonna answer as many as

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we human ly possibly can if you can't

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catch us live that's no big deal we will

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be on demand immediately when the show

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is over

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we'll also be on reruns on NASA TV and

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if you're an audio podcast listener we

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will be on podcast services throughout

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the solar system and beyond but I can

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tell you if you're sitting on the 101 or

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on the five and traffic or if you're in

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DC on 95 this is probably the episode

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that you're not going to want to listen

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to you're gonna want to watch this we've

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got a lot of cool stuff but our guests

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we have Dave Coors Meyer this is also a

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special birthday it is did you know did

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you know that today is the 79th birthday

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of one NASA Ames Research Center nice

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very important it is to this exact date

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to this exact date that 79 years ago we

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were founded as part of the National

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Advisory Committee on aeronautics we

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were around we are so hold we are so

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assuming that we were before NASA was

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just Orange Valley Orange Grove oh yes

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we existed before that we were we were

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the second NASA Advisory National

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Advisory Committee on Aeronautics Center

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the first one was in Langley which is in

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Hampton Virginia it was set up there and

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they had all these kind of radical

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people that didn't get along and had

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these crazy ideas no that's not entirely

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true though they did but they said hey

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we need another site on the other side

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of this the country and they set it us

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up here at Moffett Field and we were

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founded seventy-nine years ago and we

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have been doing phenomenal wide value in

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credibly breakthrough research since

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that time we're starting our 80th year

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right now yeah it's just tremendous

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stuff we're kicking off because this is

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the 79th birthday but coming into this

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next year is gonna be 80 years we got we

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got 50th we got NASA 60th itself and

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then you know of course the most

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important is the Ames 80th Jim

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brightenstein talking to us well this

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whole episode we're gonna be bringing

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out people who are gonna be bringing out

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gifts and talking about the different

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gifts as you could say that NASA Ames

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has contributed to NASA's mission but of

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all of the things Dave what would you

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what would you come up with like what is

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the most impactful or your favorite what

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comes to mind when you think about the

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gifts so Ames is the gift that keeps on

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giving

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we have done so much over the years you

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know you asked me this question and I

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can't we were the first in hypersonic

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research we were the first that came up

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with a blunt body that basically the

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shape of the spacecraft so you can come

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into the atmosphere and slow down we did

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the first high-performance

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supercomputing we do quantum computing

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now with the first telescope in the back

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of an airplane we do thermal protection

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systems to allow us to slow in the

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atmosphere we do the first AI in space

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we have done so much here and we will

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continue to do so much we do the air

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traffic management software tools for

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the rest of the NASA and the FAA so the

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phenomenal breadth of the stuff we do

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here at space biology astrobiology life

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sciences it's just it's it's

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mind-boggling which is why it's such a

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great place to work why NASA is still

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number one in the federal government to

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be the best place to work a little known

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fact and I'm not sure will document it

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because it's probably not Ames is the

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best place to work within NASA I know

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that but I will assert that until proven

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others deal with that nice I do have to

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say can we get a first shout out from

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little fox one he said hi Dave so cool

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in the Hat thank you sleepy underscore

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Gary was like Santa hat and I liked her

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honest games with the number one from

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fortnight that's an awesome emote that

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you have going on there like so we're

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looking at the 80th a whole bunch of

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stuff that Ames has been working on so

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and you've talked about a lot of the

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accomplishments things that the Ames has

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done what do you have what you thinking

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going forward what's kind of so that's

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one of our big things is we're looking

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at we just finished our first 79 we're

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in our youth year what are we gonna do

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in our next 80 right I mean that that's

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the real challenge this is a real

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challenge for NASA to just finished our

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first 60 what we're gonna do in our next

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60 we have so much to do you know the

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great thing about space is there's

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always more of it yes you can always go

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farther up yes we do now we're going

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we're gonna put a lot more stuff in the

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called cislunar space between the Earth

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and the moon

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you're gonna we have things going up on

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Mars we just landed inside on mars names

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as part of that doing the analysis try

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to get into the yes atmosphere right

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there putting a Mars quake since ometer

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in there it's a it's great stuff we've

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got so much more to do there's the ocean

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worlds you're gonna do every guy's ten a

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thing on the ocean worlds yet I think

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it's in the works

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this is there are there are 29 planets

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in our solar system that have much more

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water than we do you got the stuff we

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can do another shout out and cave on is

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over in the chat on at NASA so for the

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folks if you're putting in those

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questions cave on is actually be at NASA

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so be nice to him but also there's a

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shout out for Danielle we had the more

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planets and stars video that Danielle

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dealer of course we've discovered so

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much that literally there are more

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planets and stars in the universe and in

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the galaxy and it's just mind-boggling

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yeah it's a it's like we have a couple

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people were gonna be coming on out

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talking about that we're gonna be

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talking about aeronautics space biology

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we have a whole slew of

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so we're stuck this is gonna be fun and

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you know what the actual people that

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know are hiding behind the walls over

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there yes people are in the chat in the

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chat you can't really see it but just

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over that way we have a whole room full

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of people who are on deck

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so speaking of which about time Daniel

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we might move along I think it is I

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think it's finally time for us to say

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goodbye a day well I really appreciate

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that I'm gonna have to retreat it serves

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a purpose there's a role for the Hat

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while I'm gone and and I thank you so

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much for including me I was great fun on

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behalf of Ames I appreciate the viewing

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audience so don't forget we have a new

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site where you can get all the

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information about our Stroh schedule

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links to our past episodes as well as

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checking out some of these old episodes

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and you can visit our URL it's gonna be

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nasa.gov backslash Ames NASA in Silicon

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Valley live all right so while we're

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waiting for the next person who's on

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deck to be coming on over I think Avon's

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gonna be sending them on over the way so

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I think it's about time so let's go

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ahead and welcome out Romana II oh and

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we have Kimberly our ego let's begin

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folks all right I mean one of our

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returning jeopardy champions folks how's

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it going so if you can't get on the on

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the shot you have to get that that is an

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amazing shirt that we have going on not

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my stuff yeah everybody loves Pluto New

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Horizons but I see up theirs

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yeah this is New Horizons flying by

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Pluto Oh excellent so we got to jump

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into the unboxing and as I said so at

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least for me I don't know about for

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y'all but at my house growing up when

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you opened up gifts you had to wear the

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Santa hat it was just a rule so that I'm

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gonna maintain that the Santa hat has to

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count when you're doing the gifts so the

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first one

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before we get started please Kimberly

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introduce you to our audience tell us a

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little bit about what you do here

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I'm dr. Kimberly Annika Smith I'm a

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research astrophysicists here at NASA

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Ames

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so as an astrophysicists I'm studying

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the universe but I also and I also

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design and review missions for NASA

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descend into space to do astrophysics

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okay solar system and beyond

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well even like the first the first chat

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question that comes right out for

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00:11:48,509 --> 00:11:47,019
Kimberly was like will we see a moon

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landing in our lifetime that's from

272
00:11:53,999 --> 00:11:50,860
pogchamp from digital dawn Jerr so

273
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absolutely in fact there is a landing

274
00:11:57,780 --> 00:11:55,750
that's going to happen on the far side

275
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of the Moon by the Chinese Space Agency

276
00:12:01,259 --> 00:11:59,410
next month which is going to be awesome

277
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they're going to a sample return from an

278
00:12:06,179 --> 00:12:03,730
ancient impact crater and so we're all

279
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the world is looking exploration of the

280
00:12:11,189 --> 00:12:08,410
moon is happening today we have orbital

281
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assets involved and Landers in the

282
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future yes man it's gonna be so awesome

283
00:12:19,470 --> 00:12:16,120
are we ready to rock and roll so Matt go

284
00:12:21,660 --> 00:12:19,480
ahead okay so I've learned they told me

285
00:12:25,350 --> 00:12:21,670
to do not shake any of the gifts that

286
00:12:27,960 --> 00:12:25,360
come out and this is this is quite

287
00:12:31,970 --> 00:12:27,970
amazing so I'm gonna pull this bad boy

288
00:12:36,559 --> 00:12:31,980
on out of here and this is very delicate

289
00:12:39,720 --> 00:12:36,569
we're gonna toss that box just over here

290
00:12:45,960 --> 00:12:39,730
so Kimberly why don't you tell everybody

291
00:12:49,259 --> 00:12:45,970
what are we looking at well Matt well

292
00:12:51,689 --> 00:12:49,269
Santa did not bring you coal no but it

293
00:12:55,160 --> 00:12:51,699
looks a little bit slightly different

294
00:12:58,470 --> 00:12:55,170
you have an moon rock

295
00:13:00,509 --> 00:12:58,480
they're not sensing moon this is real

296
00:13:04,949 --> 00:13:00,519
right this is real this is from Apollo

297
00:13:06,509 --> 00:13:04,959
15 the fourth landing that we did with

298
00:13:12,720 --> 00:13:06,519
humans on the moon and it's a sample

299
00:13:14,910 --> 00:13:12,730
return rare precious beautiful 3.4

300
00:13:19,350 --> 00:13:14,920
billion years old taken from the elbow

301
00:13:21,540 --> 00:13:19,360
crater just a piece of history and a

302
00:13:23,910 --> 00:13:21,550
piece of solar system history okay you

303
00:13:25,920 --> 00:13:23,920
know I think we have a really cool photo

304
00:13:27,179 --> 00:13:25,930
that was part of this mission so hey

305
00:13:29,910 --> 00:13:27,189
bill can we get that brought up on

306
00:13:33,229 --> 00:13:31,710
yeah you're at you're looking at

307
00:13:37,530 --> 00:13:33,239
astronaut

308
00:13:40,439 --> 00:13:37,540
Arwen actually Apollo 15 was the first

309
00:13:42,929 --> 00:13:40,449
of our lunar human explorations of the

310
00:13:45,900 --> 00:13:42,939
moon where we were doing proper geology

311
00:13:48,169 --> 00:13:45,910
and you see him digging a trench these

312
00:13:52,429 --> 00:13:48,179
are geologic ease tool geologists tools

313
00:13:55,769 --> 00:13:52,439
and excavating rocks the later Apollo

314
00:13:57,960 --> 00:13:55,779
missions had the Rovers that extended

315
00:14:00,359 --> 00:13:57,970
the range for the astronauts to collect

316
00:14:02,759 --> 00:14:00,369
a variety of rock samples from so many

317
00:14:06,539 --> 00:14:02,769
different terrains and gave us fresh new

318
00:14:08,429 --> 00:14:06,549
insights into the moon Wow and as I

319
00:14:14,129 --> 00:14:08,439
recently learned there's also a lot of

320
00:14:16,349 --> 00:14:14,139
paperwork that goes into keeping and

321
00:14:17,609 --> 00:14:16,359
also has a history you think you look at

322
00:14:18,869 --> 00:14:17,619
this piece of rock you say oh that's a

323
00:14:21,479 --> 00:14:18,879
piece of rock something in my backyard

324
00:14:23,159 --> 00:14:21,489
but just think of what it took to get

325
00:14:24,239 --> 00:14:23,169
something like this and bring it back to

326
00:14:27,780 --> 00:14:24,249
us for us to study

327
00:14:30,119 --> 00:14:27,790
I mean first we had a design a rocket to

328
00:14:31,409 --> 00:14:30,129
leave the earth to get to the moon and

329
00:14:33,869 --> 00:14:31,419
so we had was you know design the

330
00:14:36,150 --> 00:14:33,879
technology to escape the Earth's gravity

331
00:14:37,619 --> 00:14:36,160
then we had to travel a quarter of a

332
00:14:39,989 --> 00:14:37,629
million miles to get to the moon and

333
00:14:41,639 --> 00:14:39,999
know to actually you know get near the

334
00:14:44,249 --> 00:14:41,649
moon within a reasonable amount I know

335
00:14:47,669 --> 00:14:44,259
with accuracy perhaps then orbit the

336
00:14:51,119 --> 00:14:47,679
moon then land on the moon land safely

337
00:14:54,659 --> 00:14:51,129
no big crunch then go excavate and

338
00:14:56,850 --> 00:14:54,669
sample and then bring it back leave the

339
00:15:00,090 --> 00:14:56,860
moon come back to the earth and then

340
00:15:04,799 --> 00:15:00,100
survive reentry a lot of things had to

341
00:15:07,289 --> 00:15:04,809
happen to make this so the chat is all

342
00:15:10,590 --> 00:15:07,299
about like having questions there's one

343
00:15:12,539 --> 00:15:10,600
person sorex surah X is asking is the

344
00:15:14,069 --> 00:15:12,549
cheese from the moon any good which is a

345
00:15:17,100 --> 00:15:14,079
ridiculous question because we learned

346
00:15:18,720 --> 00:15:17,110
on the at Jim bridenstine episode that

347
00:15:20,669 --> 00:15:18,730
the moon is not made of cheese it is

348
00:15:23,609 --> 00:15:20,679
made of barbecue spareribs so I

349
00:15:24,929 --> 00:15:23,619
recommend you go into the on demand on

350
00:15:27,479 --> 00:15:24,939
the twitch chat and you will find that

351
00:15:28,300 --> 00:15:27,489
one kimberly's laughing therefore I

352
00:15:31,780 --> 00:15:28,310
assumed

353
00:15:34,900 --> 00:15:31,790
one of my all-time favorite characters

354
00:15:36,730 --> 00:15:34,910
as well as in Gromit and they do a

355
00:15:38,290 --> 00:15:36,740
picnic on the moon because you know as

356
00:15:40,179 --> 00:15:38,300
British characters they want to have

357
00:15:41,920 --> 00:15:40,189
their you know their tea and they'll

358
00:15:42,970 --> 00:15:41,930
have cheese and biscuits and because

359
00:15:48,850 --> 00:15:42,980
they go to the moon because it has

360
00:15:50,350 --> 00:15:48,860
cheese so this is basalt it's a rock

361
00:15:53,980 --> 00:15:50,360
that would have been created from a

362
00:15:55,780 --> 00:15:53,990
volcanic eruption on on the moon and so

363
00:15:57,850 --> 00:15:55,790
it has a lot of similarities to earth

364
00:15:59,350 --> 00:15:57,860
minerals but they tend to be higher the

365
00:16:01,299 --> 00:15:59,360
moon rocks tend to be higher in iron and

366
00:16:04,629 --> 00:16:01,309
magnesium than their earth equivalents

367
00:16:06,850 --> 00:16:04,639
so rare rare entity here so it's a

368
00:16:08,559 --> 00:16:06,860
couple quick questions I see space TV

369
00:16:10,360 --> 00:16:08,569
net is a reoccurring guest over in the

370
00:16:15,160 --> 00:16:10,370
chat so welcome back was asking how can

371
00:16:17,970 --> 00:16:15,170
i buy that rock you can't but then

372
00:16:21,790 --> 00:16:17,980
another person this is uh let me see

373
00:16:23,559 --> 00:16:21,800
they move around many Miep one asked

374
00:16:25,840 --> 00:16:23,569
what types of hand on things has

375
00:16:29,759 --> 00:16:25,850
kimberly done at NASA and I was gonna

376
00:16:34,030 --> 00:16:32,470
in a previous incarnation of things I do

377
00:16:35,679 --> 00:16:34,040
it now sig is working at NASA I get to

378
00:16:37,179 --> 00:16:35,689
working on a variety for missions and I

379
00:16:38,619 --> 00:16:37,189
was very privileged to working on the

380
00:16:41,110 --> 00:16:38,629
young New Horizons mission that flew by

381
00:16:45,249 --> 00:16:41,120
Pluto and New Horizons gonna fly by a

382
00:16:47,470 --> 00:16:45,259
very old and ancient object in the outer

383
00:16:47,710 --> 00:16:47,480
solar system called MU 69 on New Year's

384
00:16:50,490 --> 00:16:47,720
Day

385
00:16:53,679 --> 00:16:50,500
so in January first stay tuned for the

386
00:16:54,939 --> 00:16:53,689
farthest spacecraft encounter with a

387
00:16:57,100 --> 00:16:54,949
body in our solar system

388
00:16:59,590 --> 00:16:57,110
I mean 69 but yeah I worked on Pluto

389
00:17:01,480 --> 00:16:59,600
beautiful planet geologically active

390
00:17:03,850 --> 00:17:01,490
totally full of surprises no one

391
00:17:06,939 --> 00:17:03,860
expected a world that's the size of the

392
00:17:09,850 --> 00:17:06,949
moon to be so active with glaciers yeah

393
00:17:13,630 --> 00:17:09,860
and I was also fortunate to work on a

394
00:17:15,279 --> 00:17:13,640
mission a few years ago where we

395
00:17:18,760 --> 00:17:15,289
deliberately intersected with the moon

396
00:17:21,850 --> 00:17:18,770
and we discovered water and change the

397
00:17:24,220 --> 00:17:21,860
way we're thinking about how resources

398
00:17:28,510 --> 00:17:24,230
are in the moon and where water came

399
00:17:29,799 --> 00:17:28,520
from um from the original measurements

400
00:17:32,649 --> 00:17:29,809
of the Apollo samples yeah

401
00:17:35,080 --> 00:17:32,659
they were dry what's also very but with

402
00:17:36,639 --> 00:17:35,090
these recent robotic explorations of the

403
00:17:38,710 --> 00:17:36,649
moon we've gone back with more modern

404
00:17:41,529 --> 00:17:38,720
instruments and we've been able to map

405
00:17:44,080 --> 00:17:41,539
and look at different mineralogy and

406
00:17:50,229 --> 00:17:44,090
of the last five robotic missions Ames

407
00:17:51,669 --> 00:17:50,239
has led three of them we then with the

408
00:17:53,320 --> 00:17:51,679
impactor mission that I worked on I

409
00:17:56,080 --> 00:17:53,330
built the payload for that we crashed

410
00:17:58,450 --> 00:17:56,090
into the moon and we discovered water

411
00:18:00,729 --> 00:17:58,460
and again changing the way we do

412
00:18:02,590 --> 00:18:00,739
textbooks understanding the moon it's

413
00:18:04,619 --> 00:18:02,600
also kind of interesting Apollo 15

414
00:18:07,239 --> 00:18:04,629
you're looking at the sample here yeah

415
00:18:10,210 --> 00:18:07,249
during the mission reven recently

416
00:18:14,739 --> 00:18:10,220
researchers have taken samples from the

417
00:18:17,710 --> 00:18:14,749
Apollo 15 16 17 and reanalyze them with

418
00:18:20,469 --> 00:18:17,720
modern instruments and were able to show

419
00:18:23,320 --> 00:18:20,479
that they also have water which had not

420
00:18:26,019 --> 00:18:23,330
been you know imagined it turns out it's

421
00:18:28,060 --> 00:18:26,029
a sampling sensitivity our instruments

422
00:18:30,310 --> 00:18:28,070
now our labs today have much better

423
00:18:33,759 --> 00:18:30,320
sensitivities so you can even probe down

424
00:18:36,549 --> 00:18:33,769
to smaller concentrations and so rocks

425
00:18:38,589 --> 00:18:36,559
like this basalt I don't have water but

426
00:18:41,409 --> 00:18:38,599
they have though hydrogen and oxygen in

427
00:18:43,509 --> 00:18:41,419
form of hydroxyl Oh H and so what's

428
00:18:46,299 --> 00:18:43,519
curious about rocks like this that are

429
00:18:48,879 --> 00:18:46,309
very old is perhaps now the water is

430
00:18:50,619 --> 00:18:48,889
coming from interior of the moon whereas

431
00:18:52,599 --> 00:18:50,629
other measurements of water seemed to be

432
00:18:55,509 --> 00:18:52,609
more surface and so we have may have

433
00:18:56,649 --> 00:18:55,519
multiple theories of how water is on the

434
00:18:58,930 --> 00:18:56,659
moon and then to that same point

435
00:19:00,969 --> 00:18:58,940
Santiago was asking how old is that rock

436
00:19:03,369 --> 00:19:00,979
it's about three and a half billion

437
00:19:05,349 --> 00:19:03,379
years old Wow Wow

438
00:19:07,089 --> 00:19:05,359
so I actually kind of want to circle

439
00:19:08,649 --> 00:19:07,099
back so you mentioned that you know this

440
00:19:10,509 --> 00:19:08,659
is the fourth you know man mission that

441
00:19:11,979 --> 00:19:10,519
we've gone in the moon like how much did

442
00:19:13,719 --> 00:19:11,989
we actually bring back because that's

443
00:19:15,249 --> 00:19:13,729
always a question that folks want to

444
00:19:17,169 --> 00:19:15,259
know and why it's so rare and why you

445
00:19:20,919 --> 00:19:17,179
can buy this at your you know local

446
00:19:22,479 --> 00:19:20,929
store with the six with the human

447
00:19:25,239 --> 00:19:22,489
missions to the moon and we brought

448
00:19:28,479 --> 00:19:25,249
about 2,000 samples or about 800 pounds

449
00:19:30,460 --> 00:19:28,489
of rocks that's it like oh that's all we

450
00:19:32,799 --> 00:19:30,470
have and we have also samples from the

451
00:19:35,289 --> 00:19:32,809
three robotic Soviet missions from that

452
00:19:37,060 --> 00:19:35,299
era as well but it's a very limited

453
00:19:38,499 --> 00:19:37,070
resource and they're also all from the

454
00:19:41,529 --> 00:19:38,509
near side of the moon we don't have any

455
00:19:47,349 --> 00:19:41,539
samples yet from the the far side of the

456
00:19:48,700 --> 00:19:47,359
Moon so how are we doing on time Dan go

457
00:19:50,259 --> 00:19:48,710
crazy on the chat there's tons of

458
00:19:52,659 --> 00:19:50,269
questions coming in have time for about

459
00:19:54,639 --> 00:19:52,669
one more question all right we'll pick

460
00:19:55,299 --> 00:19:54,649
up something okay this is flats three is

461
00:19:57,009 --> 00:19:55,309
asking

462
00:19:59,590 --> 00:19:57,019
really what kind of work will astronauts

463
00:20:03,129 --> 00:19:59,600
do when we go back to the moon as a

464
00:20:04,899 --> 00:20:03,139
great question and well not only

465
00:20:05,889 --> 00:20:04,909
discovering the water and the different

466
00:20:08,440 --> 00:20:05,899
mineralogy

467
00:20:10,810 --> 00:20:08,450
there is a prospect you know prospect

468
00:20:13,600 --> 00:20:10,820
for these elements and these molecules

469
00:20:15,820 --> 00:20:13,610
and to use them for a more sustained

470
00:20:17,470 --> 00:20:15,830
presence on the moon and also by

471
00:20:20,049 --> 00:20:17,480
understanding a little bit more about we

472
00:20:21,749 --> 00:20:20,059
still don't know how the moon formed we

473
00:20:24,570 --> 00:20:21,759
have some hypotheses out there but

474
00:20:26,590 --> 00:20:24,580
further studies to do a lot of

475
00:20:28,060 --> 00:20:26,600
excavations in different areas of the

476
00:20:29,590 --> 00:20:28,070
Moon that we haven't sampled before like

477
00:20:31,720 --> 00:20:29,600
the far side of the Moon and the bottoms

478
00:20:33,580 --> 00:20:31,730
of permanently shadowed craters will be

479
00:20:36,039 --> 00:20:33,590
ripe for exploration we have hardly

480
00:20:37,539 --> 00:20:36,049
touched the surface and a lot of lunar

481
00:20:39,960 --> 00:20:37,549
exploration our nearest neighbor has

482
00:20:42,609 --> 00:20:39,970
been neglected for too long

483
00:20:44,590 --> 00:20:42,619
well thank you Kimberly

484
00:20:46,840 --> 00:20:44,600
as much as we would love to have you

485
00:20:49,149 --> 00:20:46,850
hang around for the rest of the show we

486
00:20:52,930 --> 00:20:49,159
do have some other presents that Matt is

487
00:20:54,129 --> 00:20:52,940
eagerly yes coming my way but this is

488
00:20:55,450 --> 00:20:54,139
like in a short amount of time this is

489
00:20:56,739 --> 00:20:55,460
the second time you're on the show so

490
00:20:58,480 --> 00:20:56,749
I'm feeling we're gonna be seeing a lot

491
00:21:00,399 --> 00:20:58,490
of Kimberly in the future don't forget

492
00:21:01,989 --> 00:21:00,409
we have a past episode if you want to

493
00:21:03,549 --> 00:21:01,999
learn more about NASA's robotics

494
00:21:06,039 --> 00:21:03,559
exploration of the moon you can go ahead

495
00:21:09,039 --> 00:21:06,049
and visit our page that we have set up a

496
00:21:10,659 --> 00:21:09,049
NASA gov backslash Ames backslash NASA

497
00:21:24,489 --> 00:21:10,669
in Silicon Valley live I think they're

498
00:21:40,239 --> 00:21:24,499
also sitting on the on demand if the

499
00:21:43,749 --> 00:21:40,249
rock it's precious okay so up next we're

500
00:21:52,419 --> 00:21:43,759
gonna go ahead and bring out John John

501
00:21:55,299 --> 00:21:52,429
come on down then yes but first can we

502
00:22:05,710 --> 00:21:55,309
go ahead and shout out John's shirt yes

503
00:22:08,600 --> 00:22:05,720
we gotta see Dave should have learned

504
00:22:12,430 --> 00:22:08,610
from John on sport and the awesome

505
00:22:14,840 --> 00:22:12,440
so alright don't be shy on the mic

506
00:22:16,490 --> 00:22:14,850
before we get started so tell us a

507
00:22:17,570 --> 00:22:16,500
little bit about yourself and what you

508
00:22:20,330 --> 00:22:17,580
do here at Ames

509
00:22:21,919 --> 00:22:20,340
okay well I'm dr. John Jenkins and I'm a

510
00:22:24,169 --> 00:22:21,929
research scientist here at Ames Research

511
00:22:29,899 --> 00:22:24,179
Center I also make my own shirts this is

512
00:22:32,299 --> 00:22:29,909
one of them a scientist you have to be

513
00:22:33,529 --> 00:22:32,309
able to design and build things and you

514
00:22:36,200 --> 00:22:33,539
can design and build things that you can

515
00:22:40,009 --> 00:22:36,210
wear as well so that's for exciting but

516
00:22:42,860 --> 00:22:40,019
my day job is to find exoplanets to

517
00:22:47,480 --> 00:22:42,870
discover planets around other Suns in

518
00:22:49,990 --> 00:22:47,490
the neighborhood of the earth okay okay

519
00:22:52,759 --> 00:22:50,000
excellent Kepler has been you know

520
00:22:56,000 --> 00:22:52,769
exoplanets as Danielle already knows has

521
00:22:57,529 --> 00:22:56,010
been quite topic of late but all right

522
00:22:59,330 --> 00:22:57,539
are we going or we jump a night I think

523
00:23:01,460 --> 00:22:59,340
Matt go ahead if you guys can't tell

524
00:23:03,110 --> 00:23:01,470
Danielle's moving things along I'm just

525
00:23:05,120 --> 00:23:03,120
like anxious to like open the stuff up

526
00:23:07,299 --> 00:23:05,130
but another shout out to Melissa art who

527
00:23:10,070 --> 00:23:07,309
was saying that wrapping paper

528
00:23:11,539 --> 00:23:10,080
exclamation point I think did we have a

529
00:23:13,789 --> 00:23:11,549
place where people can go and grab it

530
00:23:18,440 --> 00:23:13,799
and download it you know I think you do

531
00:23:20,450 --> 00:23:18,450
if you go to our page for the podcast

532
00:23:23,360 --> 00:23:20,460
I'm pretty sure you can download this

533
00:23:25,789 --> 00:23:23,370
snazzy wrapping paper so also shout out

534
00:23:28,340 --> 00:23:25,799
to the rest the rest of our comms team

535
00:23:31,129 --> 00:23:28,350
spent last night wrapping all of these

536
00:23:33,649 --> 00:23:31,139
lovely presents that you have you have

537
00:23:36,200 --> 00:23:33,659
here so for the folks in the chat go bug

538
00:23:43,820 --> 00:23:36,210
Kavon and he will hook you up with that

539
00:23:46,490 --> 00:23:43,830
I gotta be ginger with just moving stuff

540
00:23:48,250 --> 00:23:46,500
out of the way as I gently bring it out

541
00:23:50,539 --> 00:23:48,260
cuz I'm not supposed to shake anything

542
00:23:54,139 --> 00:23:50,549
OOP and it's got little like spiny

543
00:23:57,919 --> 00:23:54,149
things so take oh yeah great great shot

544
00:23:59,389 --> 00:23:57,929
Mack here we go and as the camera tries

545
00:24:01,789 --> 00:23:59,399
to follow and I'm slowly gonna bring

546
00:24:05,360 --> 00:24:01,799
this on over to John what are folks

547
00:24:07,970 --> 00:24:05,370
looking at here right so this is NASA's

548
00:24:11,180 --> 00:24:07,980
first planet hunter this is the Kepler

549
00:24:15,289 --> 00:24:11,190
spacecraft which was launched in 2009

550
00:24:17,120 --> 00:24:15,299
and I was up there taking images of

551
00:24:19,700 --> 00:24:17,130
stars and looking for instances where

552
00:24:21,409 --> 00:24:19,710
the stars would wink at us as a planet

553
00:24:22,730 --> 00:24:21,419
cross in front of the face of the star

554
00:24:24,770 --> 00:24:22,740
caused a

555
00:24:26,390 --> 00:24:24,780
a drop in brightness kind of similar to

556
00:24:29,270 --> 00:24:26,400
the total eclipse of the Sun that

557
00:24:31,400 --> 00:24:29,280
happened last year except that it's a

558
00:24:33,260 --> 00:24:31,410
much smaller signal a very weak signal

559
00:24:36,530 --> 00:24:33,270
it's very difficult to detect which is

560
00:24:38,830 --> 00:24:36,540
why we have to launch spacecraft like

561
00:24:41,360 --> 00:24:38,840
this with an exquisitely sensitive

562
00:24:44,720 --> 00:24:41,370
photometers this is a telescope that

563
00:24:46,790 --> 00:24:44,730
measures the brightness of over 160,000

564
00:24:49,760 --> 00:24:46,800
stars during the primary mission and

565
00:24:52,460 --> 00:24:49,770
over the course of nine years the Kepler

566
00:24:56,020 --> 00:24:52,470
spacecraft helped discover over 20 s

567
00:25:02,450 --> 00:24:56,030
about 2700 planets around other stars

568
00:25:04,490 --> 00:25:02,460
okay we have a really cool photo so

569
00:25:06,350 --> 00:25:04,500
please get bill to bring this up and I'd

570
00:25:09,230 --> 00:25:06,360
love to have John you know explain to us

571
00:25:10,760 --> 00:25:09,240
like what are we seeing yeah so Danielle

572
00:25:14,210 --> 00:25:10,770
right now you're looking at

573
00:25:15,980 --> 00:25:14,220
four-and-a-half million stars in this

574
00:25:19,070 --> 00:25:15,990
photo this was the first light image

575
00:25:20,750 --> 00:25:19,080
from Kepler it was snapped a month after

576
00:25:23,180 --> 00:25:20,760
we launched it was our first indication

577
00:25:25,610 --> 00:25:23,190
that Kepler actually worked that

578
00:25:27,350 --> 00:25:25,620
everything looked like we could could do

579
00:25:29,720 --> 00:25:27,360
the job and complete the mission and

580
00:25:33,170 --> 00:25:29,730
find planets it's an absolutely gorgeous

581
00:25:34,970 --> 00:25:33,180
view I've got one 400th of the sky all

582
00:25:36,350 --> 00:25:34,980
at once so it's about the size of the

583
00:25:38,330 --> 00:25:36,360
palm of your hand held at arm's length

584
00:25:43,340 --> 00:25:38,340
if you go out look up at the night sky

585
00:25:45,500 --> 00:25:43,350
tonight and we chose 160,000 stars in

586
00:25:48,650 --> 00:25:45,510
this field of you to observe over four

587
00:25:51,050 --> 00:25:48,660
years looking for planets and indeed we

588
00:25:52,280 --> 00:25:51,060
were very successful of that so there

589
00:25:54,080 --> 00:25:52,290
was a question that came up for Dave a

590
00:25:57,020 --> 00:25:54,090
while back but I think this is relevant

591
00:25:58,610 --> 00:25:57,030
to Kepler as well it asked how can the

592
00:26:00,560 --> 00:25:58,620
research community contribute to the

593
00:26:03,320 --> 00:26:00,570
space research without having access to

594
00:26:05,690 --> 00:26:03,330
resources that NASA does but and I know

595
00:26:08,030 --> 00:26:05,700
like scientific community is a big part

596
00:26:09,860 --> 00:26:08,040
of what like Kepler was doing and you

597
00:26:12,200 --> 00:26:09,870
know as the mission is recently ended

598
00:26:14,090 --> 00:26:12,210
but still like like even now the

599
00:26:15,410 --> 00:26:14,100
scientific community is a huge part of

600
00:26:19,220 --> 00:26:15,420
the science it's still being like

601
00:26:22,190 --> 00:26:19,230
crunched oh absolutely so we ignited the

602
00:26:25,040 --> 00:26:22,200
fire of the exoplanet community and had

603
00:26:26,900 --> 00:26:25,050
over 600 scientists in Europe that

604
00:26:29,180 --> 00:26:26,910
actually were very much interested in

605
00:26:31,100 --> 00:26:29,190
the Stars so Kepler not only found

606
00:26:33,230 --> 00:26:31,110
planets but also revolutionized the

607
00:26:35,420 --> 00:26:33,240
field of asteroseismology that's the

608
00:26:35,869 --> 00:26:35,430
study of star quakes and it's amazing

609
00:26:38,779 --> 00:26:35,879
because

610
00:26:40,939 --> 00:26:38,789
you can measure the oscillations of

611
00:26:43,099 --> 00:26:40,949
stars they kind of are like big bowls of

612
00:26:45,949 --> 00:26:43,109
jell-o that shake and they have star

613
00:26:48,199 --> 00:26:45,959
quakes they oscillate they're kind of a

614
00:26:49,969 --> 00:26:48,209
bell ring like bells and if you can

615
00:26:51,829 --> 00:26:49,979
measure the frequency of the Bell you

616
00:26:55,249 --> 00:26:51,839
can determine the size and the mass of

617
00:26:57,529 --> 00:26:55,259
it so so this is amazing the Omni / 79

618
00:26:59,659 --> 00:26:57,539
just chimed in with NASA how can you

619
00:27:03,829 --> 00:26:59,669
determine if the bright dot is a star or

620
00:27:06,019 --> 00:27:03,839
a galaxy right so in most cases you can

621
00:27:07,969 --> 00:27:06,029
tell the difference but because galaxies

622
00:27:10,849 --> 00:27:07,979
are not point sources they actually are

623
00:27:24,889 --> 00:27:10,859
the light is distributed over a region

624
00:27:27,169 --> 00:27:24,899
or fuzzy yeah question that somebody

625
00:27:29,629 --> 00:27:27,179
asked was how can people contribute to

626
00:27:31,999 --> 00:27:29,639
exoplanet science and in fact both with

627
00:27:33,709 --> 00:27:32,009
Kepler but also with NASA's newest

628
00:27:35,509 --> 00:27:33,719
mission to find Earth's nearest

629
00:27:37,069 --> 00:27:35,519
neighbors the transiting exoplanet

630
00:27:40,399 --> 00:27:37,079
survey satellite which just launched

631
00:27:43,309 --> 00:27:40,409
last April there is a universe project

632
00:27:46,430 --> 00:27:43,319
called planet hunters and so citizen

633
00:27:49,219 --> 00:27:46,440
scientists can take the data that we've

634
00:27:53,509 --> 00:27:49,229
collected from the Kepler spacecraft and

635
00:27:55,159 --> 00:27:53,519
now from Tess and help identify planets

636
00:27:58,729 --> 00:27:55,169
and other interesting Astrophysical

637
00:28:00,169 --> 00:27:58,739
phenomena in the light curves nice well

638
00:28:02,239 --> 00:28:00,179
that was like I was teasing Danielle

639
00:28:03,589 --> 00:28:02,249
earlier because we'd put out a video

640
00:28:04,969 --> 00:28:03,599
it's if the folks are watching on

641
00:28:06,169 --> 00:28:04,979
YouTube it's somewhere in that leaves

642
00:28:07,969 --> 00:28:06,179
one of the latest videos we pulled up

643
00:28:10,279 --> 00:28:07,979
was an animation where we talked about

644
00:28:12,349 --> 00:28:10,289
the star wash and how the scientific

645
00:28:14,299 --> 00:28:12,359
community gets that data and cleans it

646
00:28:16,189 --> 00:28:14,309
up I'm no cape on her I had it lined up

647
00:28:18,109 --> 00:28:16,199
for it for the chat but at some point

648
00:28:20,419 --> 00:28:18,119
he's like crunching and getting all this

649
00:28:22,729 --> 00:28:20,429
thing folks if you want it go demand it

650
00:28:25,249 --> 00:28:22,739
from Kavon if you want that link and so

651
00:28:26,989 --> 00:28:25,259
the star wash actually illustrates one

652
00:28:29,419 --> 00:28:26,999
of the biggest contributions the Ames

653
00:28:32,119 --> 00:28:29,429
makes to exoplanet science that is not

654
00:28:34,219 --> 00:28:32,129
only did Ames manage the flight

655
00:28:36,619 --> 00:28:34,229
operations of the Kepler spacecraft and

656
00:28:38,959 --> 00:28:36,629
the instrument but we also processed all

657
00:28:40,639 --> 00:28:38,969
the data so my job was to design and

658
00:28:42,739 --> 00:28:40,649
build that the science pipeline which is

659
00:28:44,839 --> 00:28:42,749
is the software that we use to crunch

660
00:28:46,849 --> 00:28:44,849
all that all the numbers all that all

661
00:28:49,520 --> 00:28:46,859
the images that come down from the

662
00:28:52,010 --> 00:28:49,530
spacecraft and to identify the telltale

663
00:28:55,310 --> 00:28:52,020
signatures of the planets in that data

664
00:28:58,570 --> 00:28:55,320
and it's a really big job and in fact we

665
00:29:00,440 --> 00:28:58,580
use the facility here the NASA the

666
00:29:02,480 --> 00:29:00,450
supercomputer then played a

667
00:29:04,700 --> 00:29:02,490
supercomputer to do a lot of the number

668
00:29:06,500 --> 00:29:04,710
crunching so you know you brought up

669
00:29:09,110 --> 00:29:06,510
tests and we actually have a really cool

670
00:29:16,010 --> 00:29:09,120
animation so bill can we get that up on

671
00:29:17,030 --> 00:29:16,020
screen please oh no not ready for it but

672
00:29:21,130 --> 00:29:17,040
when they are any point they're gonna

673
00:29:27,290 --> 00:29:24,680
from d'Alene asks how does John how does

674
00:29:28,820 --> 00:29:27,300
Kepler make pictures how does Kepler

675
00:29:30,620 --> 00:29:28,830
make pictures well if you're able to

676
00:29:33,380 --> 00:29:30,630
stare down the barrel of this telescope

677
00:29:36,980 --> 00:29:33,390
you would be able to see a focal plane

678
00:29:39,200 --> 00:29:36,990
that's about a foot across and it has 42

679
00:29:41,570 --> 00:29:39,210
charged coupled devices these are called

680
00:29:43,880 --> 00:29:41,580
CC DS and they're essentially light

681
00:29:45,350 --> 00:29:43,890
sensitive computer chips in fact you

682
00:29:48,350 --> 00:29:45,360
have one in every one of your cell

683
00:29:51,260 --> 00:29:48,360
phones or digital digital camcorders or

684
00:29:54,020 --> 00:29:51,270
cameras yeah and and in this case for

685
00:29:55,370 --> 00:29:54,030
Kepler are our chips are one inches by

686
00:29:57,710 --> 00:29:55,380
two inches so they're much bigger than

687
00:30:01,790 --> 00:29:57,720
the CCDs that you have in your phone and

688
00:30:04,340 --> 00:30:01,800
electronics right but so essentially

689
00:30:06,590 --> 00:30:04,350
this is a digital camera but with a very

690
00:30:08,330 --> 00:30:06,600
large focal plane and just to give you a

691
00:30:10,850 --> 00:30:08,340
sense of the size and scale of this

692
00:30:13,280 --> 00:30:10,860
instrument the backside the bottom of

693
00:30:16,070 --> 00:30:13,290
this telescope which is the primary

694
00:30:20,450 --> 00:30:16,080
mirror back here is 1.4 meters across

695
00:30:23,180 --> 00:30:20,460
and the aperture here is 0.95 meters so

696
00:30:25,610 --> 00:30:23,190
it's about about 30 it's about a yard

697
00:30:28,930 --> 00:30:25,620
across so that tells you the size of

698
00:30:31,730 --> 00:30:28,940
this telescope and it's able to make

699
00:30:33,650 --> 00:30:31,740
what I consider be beautiful images of

700
00:30:36,050 --> 00:30:33,660
the sky although from an astronomical

701
00:30:38,540 --> 00:30:36,060
perspective they're not terribly sharp

702
00:30:40,640 --> 00:30:38,550
because we're not about making pretty

703
00:30:42,080 --> 00:30:40,650
pictures we're about measuring the

704
00:30:44,540 --> 00:30:42,090
brightness of the stars so that we can

705
00:30:46,970 --> 00:30:44,550
actually measure the small drops and

706
00:30:49,190 --> 00:30:46,980
brightness or responding to when planets

707
00:30:51,440 --> 00:30:49,200
cross the face of their star but the

708
00:30:53,480 --> 00:30:51,450
exquisite sensitivity and dynamic range

709
00:30:55,670 --> 00:30:53,490
of this instrument allow us to study all

710
00:30:58,010 --> 00:30:55,680
kinds of phenomena not just planets not

711
00:31:00,710 --> 00:30:58,020
just stars but also we're able to catch

712
00:31:03,410 --> 00:31:00,720
stars and active of going supernova and

713
00:31:06,380 --> 00:31:03,420
and we're able to study galactic or

714
00:31:08,620 --> 00:31:06,390
geology by doing asteroseismology of

715
00:31:11,030 --> 00:31:08,630
lots of different kinds of stars

716
00:31:13,670 --> 00:31:11,040
especially during the k2 mission which

717
00:31:16,640 --> 00:31:13,680
was the mission a second version of

718
00:31:18,110 --> 00:31:16,650
Kepler after we lost two of our reaction

719
00:31:20,510 --> 00:31:18,120
wheels unfortunately we had to stop

720
00:31:22,840 --> 00:31:20,520
there's a the primary mission and here's

721
00:31:25,790 --> 00:31:22,850
where the reaction wheels are down here

722
00:31:28,640 --> 00:31:25,800
but we were able to thanks to a very

723
00:31:31,040 --> 00:31:28,650
clever engineer at Ball Aerospace design

724
00:31:33,440 --> 00:31:31,050
a mission whereby we could point the

725
00:31:36,500 --> 00:31:33,450
spacecraft in along the line of sight in

726
00:31:38,450 --> 00:31:36,510
its orbit and continue the mission but

727
00:31:39,560 --> 00:31:38,460
instead of observing the kepler field of

728
00:31:41,810 --> 00:31:39,570
view during that we observe during the

729
00:31:43,910 --> 00:31:41,820
primary mission and we observed over a

730
00:31:46,460 --> 00:31:43,920
dozen fields of view along the ecliptic

731
00:31:49,790 --> 00:31:46,470
as the spacecraft orbited the Sun it's

732
00:31:51,980 --> 00:31:49,800
pretty cool so we have Delano 316 we are

733
00:31:54,410 --> 00:31:51,990
in the twitch chat and we see you

734
00:31:56,240 --> 00:31:54,420
he felt like we were we almost said his

735
00:31:57,920 --> 00:31:56,250
name but didn't quite do it but yeah

736
00:32:00,070 --> 00:31:57,930
jump on into the chat send in your

737
00:32:02,660 --> 00:32:00,080
questions like in fact we have one from

738
00:32:04,940 --> 00:32:02,670
electromagnetism as asking John why do

739
00:32:05,510 --> 00:32:04,950
we see stars as they as they were in the

740
00:32:07,040 --> 00:32:05,520
past

741
00:32:09,410 --> 00:32:07,050
how does scientists factor this

742
00:32:11,750 --> 00:32:09,420
information in their studies right so

743
00:32:13,670 --> 00:32:11,760
everything you look at is happening in

744
00:32:16,130 --> 00:32:13,680
the past even as you talk to somebody

745
00:32:17,930 --> 00:32:16,140
across the room from you because light

746
00:32:20,930 --> 00:32:17,940
travels at a finite speed although it's

747
00:32:23,870 --> 00:32:20,940
very fast right so the nearest star

748
00:32:25,880 --> 00:32:23,880
system to us the Alpha Centauri system

749
00:32:28,310 --> 00:32:25,890
actually one of the things we learned

750
00:32:29,600 --> 00:32:28,320
from Kepler was that that there are more

751
00:32:31,610 --> 00:32:29,610
planets than there are stars that

752
00:32:33,350 --> 00:32:31,620
planets are ubiquitous and based on the

753
00:32:35,600 --> 00:32:33,360
statistics how that Kepler mission we

754
00:32:36,800 --> 00:32:35,610
predicted that the nearest earth-sized

755
00:32:38,660 --> 00:32:36,810
planet was probably just around the

756
00:32:41,780 --> 00:32:38,670
corner and indeed it turns out that the

757
00:32:45,650 --> 00:32:41,790
closest star to the Sun Proxima Centauri

758
00:32:48,620 --> 00:32:45,660
has a near earth mass planet in a very

759
00:32:51,680 --> 00:32:48,630
tight orbit about that star so it takes

760
00:32:54,110 --> 00:32:51,690
4.2 years for that light to reach us and

761
00:32:56,900 --> 00:32:54,120
so that means that everything we see

762
00:32:59,750 --> 00:32:56,910
there is as four years in the past most

763
00:33:02,000 --> 00:32:59,760
of Kepler's targets were 1,000 to 3,000

764
00:33:04,340 --> 00:33:02,010
light years away so that means that that

765
00:33:07,280 --> 00:33:04,350
when you see a transit it happened 1,000

766
00:33:08,870 --> 00:33:07,290
to 3,000 years ago from a science

767
00:33:12,980 --> 00:33:08,880
perspective that's not very important

768
00:33:14,750 --> 00:33:12,990
for exoplanets but we do time the

769
00:33:17,600 --> 00:33:14,760
transits of the exoplanets because if

770
00:33:19,520 --> 00:33:17,610
the timing of the transits vary

771
00:33:20,660 --> 00:33:19,530
could be that this that the planets are

772
00:33:22,789 --> 00:33:20,670
tugging on each other and you can

773
00:33:24,470 --> 00:33:22,799
actually use that information the delays

774
00:33:26,960 --> 00:33:24,480
or advances in the timing of the

775
00:33:28,549 --> 00:33:26,970
transits to infer the masses of some of

776
00:33:29,390 --> 00:33:28,559
these planets and that's that's really

777
00:33:33,590 --> 00:33:29,400
cool as well

778
00:33:35,299 --> 00:33:33,600
but what makes Kepler so successful is

779
00:33:37,850 --> 00:33:35,309
that's opened the door to a lot of other

780
00:33:41,680 --> 00:33:37,860
missions so that you know I've worked on

781
00:33:47,299 --> 00:33:41,690
Kepler for 23 years 23 24 25 years ago

782
00:33:49,310 --> 00:33:47,309
this was kind of fun this was a this was

783
00:33:51,620 --> 00:33:49,320
a French concept it wasn't mainstream in

784
00:33:53,930 --> 00:33:51,630
fact one of the first astronomical

785
00:33:56,720 --> 00:33:53,940
meetings I went to with a poster about

786
00:33:58,669 --> 00:33:56,730
Kepler there were no exoplanet sessions

787
00:34:00,049 --> 00:33:58,679
I was put in the miscellaneous poster

788
00:34:03,799 --> 00:34:00,059
session right next to a face on Mars

789
00:34:07,250 --> 00:34:03,809
poster so that's where that's where the

790
00:34:08,780 --> 00:34:07,260
field was 25 years ago but today we have

791
00:34:11,149 --> 00:34:08,790
we have the Kepler mission the k2

792
00:34:12,950 --> 00:34:11,159
mission we have the the test mission we

793
00:34:14,119 --> 00:34:12,960
have James Webb going up in a couple of

794
00:34:16,700 --> 00:34:14,129
years it's going to follow up and

795
00:34:19,250 --> 00:34:16,710
characterize the atmospheres of many of

796
00:34:21,050 --> 00:34:19,260
the planets that we find through the

797
00:34:23,780 --> 00:34:21,060
test mission test is about finding

798
00:34:25,340 --> 00:34:23,790
Earth's closest cousins most of Kepler

799
00:34:26,840 --> 00:34:25,350
planets we only know the size of the

800
00:34:28,940 --> 00:34:26,850
planet we don't know much more about it

801
00:34:31,760 --> 00:34:28,950
with tests we're looking at the whole

802
00:34:34,720 --> 00:34:31,770
sky so take kepler Kepler's field of

803
00:34:36,649 --> 00:34:34,730
view multiply it by 400 oh wow right

804
00:34:38,690 --> 00:34:36,659
that's right so the planets are going to

805
00:34:40,159 --> 00:34:38,700
be found around stars that are ten times

806
00:34:42,230 --> 00:34:40,169
closer a hundred times brighter that

807
00:34:43,909 --> 00:34:42,240
means we can put lots of telescopes on

808
00:34:45,800 --> 00:34:43,919
these new planets that we're going to

809
00:34:48,050 --> 00:34:45,810
find and learn much more about them

810
00:34:49,399 --> 00:34:48,060
including their mass their density once

811
00:34:51,349 --> 00:34:49,409
you have the density you can argue what

812
00:34:52,879 --> 00:34:51,359
they're made of and eventually we're

813
00:34:55,070 --> 00:34:52,889
going to learn what their atmospheres

814
00:34:57,670 --> 00:34:55,080
are made of and look for bio signatures

815
00:35:02,270 --> 00:34:57,680
look look for chemical signatures of

816
00:35:03,410 --> 00:35:02,280
oxygen methane carbon dioxide that runs

817
00:35:05,330 --> 00:35:03,420
into one of the questions from Rep

818
00:35:07,430 --> 00:35:05,340
Atilla who is asking eventually you guys

819
00:35:09,080 --> 00:35:07,440
will discover life outside earth do you

820
00:35:11,000 --> 00:35:09,090
guys think you're close to it like in

821
00:35:16,099 --> 00:35:11,010
the next couple of years so what's your

822
00:35:17,570 --> 00:35:16,109
opinion do you think not what is I think

823
00:35:20,300 --> 00:35:17,580
it's gonna be a race so the question is

824
00:35:22,400 --> 00:35:20,310
are we gonna find signs of life inside

825
00:35:24,650 --> 00:35:22,410
our own solar system perhaps in the last

826
00:35:27,620 --> 00:35:24,660
couple years in the next couple years or

827
00:35:29,780 --> 00:35:27,630
decades as we explore the solar system

828
00:35:30,740 --> 00:35:29,790
in these water worlds like Europa or are

829
00:35:33,890 --> 00:35:30,750
we going to find

830
00:35:35,570 --> 00:35:33,900
of life in that Monsieur planets so

831
00:35:37,790 --> 00:35:35,580
these are both worthy goals NASA is

832
00:35:40,700 --> 00:35:37,800
going full-bore towards understanding

833
00:35:42,350 --> 00:35:40,710
and learning whether there's life extent

834
00:35:44,480 --> 00:35:42,360
elsewhere in our own solar system

835
00:35:46,130 --> 00:35:44,490
and we're also proceeding with the

836
00:35:48,800 --> 00:35:46,140
technology with missions that eventually

837
00:35:50,420 --> 00:35:48,810
will allow us to at attempt to answer

838
00:35:54,320 --> 00:35:50,430
the question is there life outside of

839
00:35:55,400 --> 00:35:54,330
Earth around these other planets so we

840
00:35:56,770 --> 00:35:55,410
have a bunch of questions in the chat

841
00:35:59,120 --> 00:35:56,780
Danielle what are we looking at

842
00:36:02,990 --> 00:35:59,130
unfortunately we cannot get to them

843
00:36:04,910 --> 00:36:03,000
right now but go for it but I'm pretty

844
00:36:07,370 --> 00:36:04,920
sure we're gonna have a future episode

845
00:36:08,720 --> 00:36:07,380
where we talk all things Kepler's so you

846
00:36:10,700 --> 00:36:08,730
guys will have to go ahead and hold on

847
00:36:12,830 --> 00:36:10,710
to those questions at another time and

848
00:36:14,690 --> 00:36:12,840
unfortunately John we are going to have

849
00:36:16,310 --> 00:36:14,700
to say goodbye I'm so sorry

850
00:36:18,830 --> 00:36:16,320
well that's okay it's been my pleasure

851
00:36:23,030 --> 00:36:18,840
and Merry Christmas and Happy Holidays

852
00:36:26,660 --> 00:36:23,040
to everybody all right who do we have

853
00:36:29,060 --> 00:36:26,670
coming up next in now we have Eduardo

854
00:36:31,850 --> 00:36:29,070
he's going to go ahead and talk to us

855
00:36:34,760 --> 00:36:31,860
about his cool area of research so

856
00:36:41,600 --> 00:36:34,770
Eduardo go ahead and come on out

857
00:36:43,640 --> 00:36:41,610
excellent oh it is bringing gifts I'm

858
00:36:47,570 --> 00:36:43,650
doing awesome I've been getting presents

859
00:36:50,150 --> 00:36:47,580
all day this is so tell us a little bit

860
00:36:52,160 --> 00:36:50,160
about what you do here at Ames well my

861
00:36:53,960 --> 00:36:52,170
name is Eduardo Benedict and I work here

862
00:36:57,320 --> 00:36:53,970
at Ames as a research scientist

863
00:37:00,500 --> 00:36:57,330
developing new technologies to image

864
00:37:03,140 --> 00:37:00,510
exoplanet to image planets beyond our

865
00:37:05,570 --> 00:37:03,150
solar system so basically is

866
00:37:08,000 --> 00:37:05,580
complementing what Givens was explaining

867
00:37:16,460 --> 00:37:08,010
about Kepler almost like we plan to that

868
00:37:17,900 --> 00:37:16,470
transition all right so this is all

869
00:37:28,940 --> 00:37:17,910
right let's see let's see when Eduardo

870
00:37:31,850 --> 00:37:28,950
has brought for us here we go all right

871
00:37:35,579 --> 00:37:31,860
I know I was like freaking out like

872
00:37:40,680 --> 00:37:35,589
don't spin it around too many times bro

873
00:37:44,249 --> 00:37:40,690
no shaking okay and what we have here

874
00:37:49,789 --> 00:37:44,259
and I will hand this over to you Wow and

875
00:37:54,630 --> 00:37:49,799
it that's got some weight to it okay so

876
00:37:59,690 --> 00:37:54,640
lookie lookie what do we got here there

877
00:38:02,459 --> 00:37:59,700
you go so what we have here is the

878
00:38:05,370 --> 00:38:02,469
critical part of a coronagraph a

879
00:38:08,069 --> 00:38:05,380
chronograph is the new technology that

880
00:38:10,499 --> 00:38:08,079
will allow us to see planets around

881
00:38:13,559 --> 00:38:10,509
other stars now will allow us to

882
00:38:15,269 --> 00:38:13,569
separate the light of the star from the

883
00:38:17,729 --> 00:38:15,279
light of the planet okay

884
00:38:20,009 --> 00:38:17,739
the coolest I know you have an awesome

885
00:38:26,789 --> 00:38:20,019
trick with this camera where you line it

886
00:38:29,130 --> 00:38:26,799
up perfectly with your eye Jesse and

887
00:38:31,920 --> 00:38:29,140
Mark are gonna try to line this on up if

888
00:38:35,039 --> 00:38:31,930
I aim to the camera probably you'll see

889
00:38:39,690 --> 00:38:35,049
my eye they're getting deformed and

890
00:38:43,920 --> 00:38:39,700
that's because the system the optical

891
00:38:45,870 --> 00:38:43,930
system focuses the light focuses the

892
00:38:47,609 --> 00:38:45,880
light of the star on a very small point

893
00:38:49,380 --> 00:38:47,619
to be able to separate it from the

894
00:38:52,529 --> 00:38:49,390
planet so is that similar to like a

895
00:38:55,079 --> 00:38:52,539
telescope or well what's going on there

896
00:38:56,910 --> 00:38:55,089
the telescope comes before so the first

897
00:38:59,309 --> 00:38:56,920
element is a telescope that's the one

898
00:39:03,059 --> 00:38:59,319
that captured the light and then final

899
00:39:05,489 --> 00:39:03,069
slide into these optical train and these

900
00:39:07,410 --> 00:39:05,499
special optics that separate the night

901
00:39:09,420 --> 00:39:07,420
because mainly comes a star and the

902
00:39:12,809 --> 00:39:09,430
planet is very close to a star when when

903
00:39:14,609 --> 00:39:12,819
we see Kepler images you see just a star

904
00:39:15,870 --> 00:39:14,619
but there is a star there are more

905
00:39:17,309 --> 00:39:15,880
planets there are a bunch of things that

906
00:39:20,339 --> 00:39:17,319
in the case of Kepler they are all in

907
00:39:23,910 --> 00:39:20,349
one pixel or multiple fuzzy pixels as

908
00:39:26,219 --> 00:39:23,920
you said before in the case of on this

909
00:39:28,680 --> 00:39:26,229
technology we zoom in into that pixel

910
00:39:32,819 --> 00:39:28,690
and separate that into two different

911
00:39:35,910 --> 00:39:32,829
elements so so that's the way that this

912
00:39:37,910 --> 00:39:35,920
works okay so one question that you know

913
00:39:43,289 --> 00:39:37,920
sometimes comes out like why are we

914
00:39:45,390 --> 00:39:43,299
imaging versus detecting well the first

915
00:39:47,969 --> 00:39:45,400
step is detect and what Kepler has done

916
00:39:49,410 --> 00:39:47,979
is detect many planets now we know that

917
00:39:51,809 --> 00:39:49,420
the planets out there

918
00:39:54,210 --> 00:39:51,819
we know the demographics that means we

919
00:39:57,390 --> 00:39:54,220
know how many how they are how many big

920
00:40:00,180 --> 00:39:57,400
how many small all kind of information

921
00:40:02,250 --> 00:40:00,190
about the planet population now imaging

922
00:40:04,200 --> 00:40:02,260
is the next step in which we know the

923
00:40:05,970 --> 00:40:04,210
most interesting ones and we go after

924
00:40:07,260 --> 00:40:05,980
them that's not just like okay there's a

925
00:40:08,609 --> 00:40:07,270
dip in the light we know it's there

926
00:40:10,109 --> 00:40:08,619
you're talking about you actually want

927
00:40:12,450 --> 00:40:10,119
to take a picture of the exoplanet

928
00:40:15,359 --> 00:40:12,460
correct it's actually get reflected

929
00:40:17,609 --> 00:40:15,369
light from the planet yeah it's not an

930
00:40:19,200 --> 00:40:17,619
indirect this is direct imaging yeah and

931
00:40:22,049 --> 00:40:19,210
the beauty of that is that then you can

932
00:40:24,270 --> 00:40:22,059
see the color okay by watching the color

933
00:40:26,280 --> 00:40:24,280
for example if you look at the Earth

934
00:40:28,410 --> 00:40:26,290
from the moon it looks blueish if you

935
00:40:30,809 --> 00:40:28,420
look to Mars it looks orange yeah and

936
00:40:33,450 --> 00:40:30,819
those colors tell us something about the

937
00:40:35,250 --> 00:40:33,460
planet but it's a lot of information

938
00:40:37,049 --> 00:40:35,260
where we have learned we can learn what

939
00:40:40,109 --> 00:40:37,059
kind of chemicals are in the atmosphere

940
00:40:42,089 --> 00:40:40,119
what kind of weather rotation period a

941
00:40:45,510 --> 00:40:42,099
lot of information and you know speaking

942
00:40:49,410 --> 00:40:45,520
of images we actually have one you guys

943
00:40:52,710 --> 00:40:49,420
could we get that brother oh yeah so

944
00:40:55,859 --> 00:40:52,720
what's going on here well that that's

945
00:41:01,079 --> 00:40:55,869
one of the few images of exoplanets is a

946
00:41:04,410 --> 00:41:01,089
real image of a Starkel HR 8799 that is

947
00:41:07,530 --> 00:41:04,420
around 120 light 29 light years away so

948
00:41:10,260 --> 00:41:07,540
it's fairly close for our galaxy

949
00:41:13,440 --> 00:41:10,270
standards but is very far from our human

950
00:41:16,260 --> 00:41:13,450
everyday scale and what you see there is

951
00:41:19,349 --> 00:41:16,270
that star that is blocked do you cannot

952
00:41:21,750 --> 00:41:19,359
see a star anymore and the white circle

953
00:41:24,420 --> 00:41:21,760
shows three planets around that star so

954
00:41:28,049 --> 00:41:24,430
this is a planetary system is a solar

955
00:41:30,960 --> 00:41:28,059
system with three planets this image was

956
00:41:34,049 --> 00:41:30,970
taken on the by the sewer telescope in

957
00:41:36,870 --> 00:41:34,059
Hawaii in which they were using a very

958
00:41:38,789 --> 00:41:36,880
similar technology to this one so this

959
00:41:40,289 --> 00:41:38,799
technology that we have here at NASA is

960
00:41:43,079 --> 00:41:40,299
also implemented on ground-based

961
00:41:45,390 --> 00:41:43,089
telescopes to be able to image stars but

962
00:41:47,730 --> 00:41:45,400
if you look at in the image there are a

963
00:41:49,230 --> 00:41:47,740
lot of grains and noise that caused by

964
00:41:50,520 --> 00:41:49,240
the atmosphere you see that grains

965
00:41:52,319 --> 00:41:50,530
grainy everywhere

966
00:41:55,349 --> 00:41:52,329
that's the turbulence on the atmosphere

967
00:41:57,120 --> 00:41:55,359
so the goal that we have here is to take

968
00:41:59,579 --> 00:41:57,130
the same technology bring it to space

969
00:42:01,410 --> 00:41:59,589
and then from space you don't have the

970
00:42:02,609 --> 00:42:01,420
animals here okay so we have a question

971
00:42:04,049 --> 00:42:02,619
that came in I'd like to

972
00:42:06,089 --> 00:42:04,059
if there's anything we were looking for

973
00:42:08,489 --> 00:42:06,099
specifically within with the imaging or

974
00:42:10,589 --> 00:42:08,499
rather taking the pictures first then

975
00:42:11,789 --> 00:42:10,599
deciphering what is there that is from

976
00:42:14,549 --> 00:42:11,799
the Senate

977
00:42:16,410 --> 00:42:14,559
aka Emperor Palpatine because he is the

978
00:42:18,569 --> 00:42:16,420
Senate so well that's an excellent

979
00:42:20,370 --> 00:42:18,579
question that's a big problem

980
00:42:21,960 --> 00:42:20,380
in this kind of missions which is a

981
00:42:24,539 --> 00:42:21,970
strategy is how do you spend the time

982
00:42:27,089 --> 00:42:24,549
because you can allocate a very little

983
00:42:30,839 --> 00:42:27,099
time just to the detection or you can

984
00:42:33,180 --> 00:42:30,849
spend more time trying to recognize the

985
00:42:35,819 --> 00:42:33,190
different colors and assess the chemical

986
00:42:38,130 --> 00:42:35,829
composition of the atmosphere so there

987
00:42:40,620 --> 00:42:38,140
is a very big trade-off between serving

988
00:42:43,739 --> 00:42:40,630
many stars and do kind of a blind search

989
00:42:45,390 --> 00:42:43,749
or a targeted search of a target that we

990
00:42:47,279 --> 00:42:45,400
already know and focus there and learn

991
00:42:49,769 --> 00:42:47,289
as much as possible so normally there is

992
00:42:51,539 --> 00:42:49,779
a a priori strategy but then as the

993
00:42:53,279 --> 00:42:51,549
mission goes on you can adapt that

994
00:42:56,160 --> 00:42:53,289
depending the value of the target that

995
00:42:57,269 --> 00:42:56,170
we find okay I'm looking at there's a

996
00:42:59,339 --> 00:42:57,279
whole bunch of questions that are coming

997
00:43:01,620 --> 00:42:59,349
in we have that's awesome from RJ the

998
00:43:03,630 --> 00:43:01,630
newb and we also have how long until we

999
00:43:04,380 --> 00:43:03,640
can image moons and other satellites of

1000
00:43:07,680 --> 00:43:04,390
exoplanets

1001
00:43:09,660 --> 00:43:07,690
that's from Eskridge that's not a great

1002
00:43:12,960 --> 00:43:09,670
question actually imaging moons

1003
00:43:14,910 --> 00:43:12,970
sometimes it's not that difficult as it

1004
00:43:16,499 --> 00:43:14,920
seems because moons tend to be hotter

1005
00:43:19,200 --> 00:43:16,509
than the planet during the formation

1006
00:43:22,289 --> 00:43:19,210
process so the planet forms and then the

1007
00:43:25,109 --> 00:43:22,299
moon around still solidifying I could be

1008
00:43:27,089 --> 00:43:25,119
as like as a lava ball and then emits

1009
00:43:29,789 --> 00:43:27,099
light on infrared wavelength so it is

1010
00:43:32,609 --> 00:43:29,799
possible to see moves on their formation

1011
00:43:35,430 --> 00:43:32,619
process and then a shadow over or a

1012
00:43:37,049 --> 00:43:35,440
friend Delano 3:16 I'm reading some of

1013
00:43:39,329 --> 00:43:37,059
the questions that are on a slight delay

1014
00:43:41,370 --> 00:43:39,339
because I cave on sending them on over

1015
00:43:43,049 --> 00:43:41,380
to me so if you don't get them in real

1016
00:43:44,759 --> 00:43:43,059
time we're getting some of the older

1017
00:43:48,299 --> 00:43:44,769
questions as they come on through but

1018
00:43:50,160 --> 00:43:48,309
Danny I'll keep going well I say X arrow

1019
00:43:53,069 --> 00:43:50,170
says that it looks the image sort of

1020
00:43:57,079 --> 00:43:53,079
looks like a lunar eclipse well that's

1021
00:44:00,690 --> 00:43:57,089
exactly what it is a lunar eclipse is

1022
00:44:04,680 --> 00:44:00,700
the process in which the moon goes in

1023
00:44:06,660 --> 00:44:04,690
front of the Sun because of the

1024
00:44:08,970 --> 00:44:06,670
distances under sizes it happened to be

1025
00:44:10,430 --> 00:44:08,980
angular the same so they look like the

1026
00:44:13,650 --> 00:44:10,440
same size but they are very different

1027
00:44:15,620 --> 00:44:13,660
okay so what this device does is a

1028
00:44:18,650 --> 00:44:15,630
device to miniatura

1029
00:44:22,790 --> 00:44:18,660
and Eclipse basically we compress alight

1030
00:44:24,800 --> 00:44:22,800
and we have a tiny blocker that blocks

1031
00:44:26,390 --> 00:44:24,810
the light of the star so it's like

1032
00:44:28,340 --> 00:44:26,400
having an eclipse but since you don't

1033
00:44:30,080 --> 00:44:28,350
have a moon that you can move around we

1034
00:44:33,230 --> 00:44:30,090
do it on a microscopic way and still

1035
00:44:40,370 --> 00:44:33,240
inside this device that I can bring us a

1036
00:44:43,100 --> 00:44:40,380
gift for you questions coming in this is

1037
00:44:45,290 --> 00:44:43,110
from Oprah underscore FT Winfrey which I

1038
00:44:47,060 --> 00:44:45,300
assume is the real Oprah which should be

1039
00:44:49,550 --> 00:44:47,070
bringing us gifts because I think that's

1040
00:44:51,770 --> 00:44:49,560
kind of how that works but Oprah is

1041
00:44:53,720 --> 00:44:51,780
asking us how to exoplanet hunters know

1042
00:44:55,430 --> 00:44:53,730
which stars to look at there are so many

1043
00:44:56,180 --> 00:44:55,440
to choose from in the Milky Way where do

1044
00:44:59,780 --> 00:44:56,190
you even start

1045
00:45:01,730 --> 00:44:59,790
well there's where we complement with

1046
00:45:03,080 --> 00:45:01,740
ground-based observatories at Kepler

1047
00:45:07,430 --> 00:45:03,090
mission and other missions there are

1048
00:45:11,690 --> 00:45:07,440
some indications of presence of planets

1049
00:45:13,670 --> 00:45:11,700
that have been concluded by Kepler and

1050
00:45:16,430 --> 00:45:13,680
ground-based observatories and the goal

1051
00:45:19,070 --> 00:45:16,440
is that then when we have the best clues

1052
00:45:22,280 --> 00:45:19,080
that there is a very high-value target

1053
00:45:24,440 --> 00:45:22,290
we go with this more focused mission and

1054
00:45:27,350 --> 00:45:24,450
I stay there and Esther so it's Anna

1055
00:45:29,600 --> 00:45:27,360
strategy that uses the a priori

1056
00:45:31,850 --> 00:45:29,610
knowledge of other astronomical

1057
00:45:33,490 --> 00:45:31,860
community instruments okay so Matt I

1058
00:45:37,910 --> 00:45:33,500
think we have time for one more question

1059
00:45:40,490 --> 00:45:37,920
okay with Omni slash 79 who asks how

1060
00:45:42,620 --> 00:45:40,500
close did the planet have to be from the

1061
00:45:45,560 --> 00:45:42,630
star along with its size for the camera

1062
00:45:48,980 --> 00:45:45,570
to pick up the planet that's that's a

1063
00:45:51,560 --> 00:45:48,990
real key parameter here if the planet is

1064
00:45:54,110 --> 00:45:51,570
too close to a star then you cannot

1065
00:45:56,270 --> 00:45:54,120
separate it because the light of the

1066
00:45:58,220 --> 00:45:56,280
star overwhelms the planet so this

1067
00:45:59,960 --> 00:45:58,230
device helps to separate but it's not

1068
00:46:03,830 --> 00:45:59,970
perfect

1069
00:46:06,320 --> 00:46:03,840
normally the shape of the optics that we

1070
00:46:08,480 --> 00:46:06,330
design here all the surface of the

1071
00:46:11,720 --> 00:46:08,490
optical surfaces that you hear see here

1072
00:46:14,270 --> 00:46:11,730
though that shape defines how close you

1073
00:46:16,100 --> 00:46:14,280
can get the planet but as you design the

1074
00:46:18,290 --> 00:46:16,110
system to be able to be much planet that

1075
00:46:20,990 --> 00:46:18,300
are closer and closer it gets more

1076
00:46:22,700 --> 00:46:21,000
sensitive to any air or on the Poynting

1077
00:46:25,130 --> 00:46:22,710
on how you're aiming to a star

1078
00:46:28,580 --> 00:46:25,140
so if you make it very very precise then

1079
00:46:30,980 --> 00:46:28,590
any shaking of the spacecraft will bring

1080
00:46:35,030 --> 00:46:30,990
process so there is a trade-off of how

1081
00:46:37,430 --> 00:46:35,040
close you can image now for this this

1082
00:46:39,350 --> 00:46:37,440
device is designed to be able to see a

1083
00:46:42,350 --> 00:46:39,360
planet like the earth around a sun-like

1084
00:46:45,080 --> 00:46:42,360
star at 10 parsecs so basically if we

1085
00:46:46,940 --> 00:46:45,090
look at nearby star ya then and there is

1086
00:46:49,100 --> 00:46:46,950
a planet in the habitable zone where

1087
00:46:52,830 --> 00:46:49,110
like similar to the orbit of the earth

1088
00:46:55,630 --> 00:46:52,840
we'll be able to see it with this device

1089
00:47:09,890 --> 00:46:55,640
[Laughter]

1090
00:47:11,780 --> 00:47:09,900
you know cheesy Star Wars little

1091
00:47:13,160 --> 00:47:11,790
housekeeping so as a reminder this is a

1092
00:47:14,600 --> 00:47:13,170
you're watching NASA in Silicon Valley

1093
00:47:16,430 --> 00:47:14,610
live and if you have a question for our

1094
00:47:19,910 --> 00:47:16,440
gas our guests definitely write it in

1095
00:47:27,830 --> 00:47:19,920
the chat and so let's go ahead and bring

1096
00:47:33,070 --> 00:47:27,840
out the here so here come on down good

1097
00:47:35,600 --> 00:47:33,080
have a seat and get on up on that mic so

1098
00:47:37,070 --> 00:47:35,610
tell us a little bit about yourself in

1099
00:47:41,240 --> 00:47:37,080
some of the research that you do here at

1100
00:47:44,090 --> 00:47:41,250
Ames so I'm a scientist with the Sofia

1101
00:47:46,940 --> 00:47:44,100
program I used to actually be based out

1102
00:47:48,350 --> 00:47:46,950
of Palmdale and where I took care of the

1103
00:47:50,360 --> 00:47:48,360
science instruments that's kind of the

1104
00:47:58,400 --> 00:47:50,370
cameras that we mount to what we're

1105
00:48:00,110 --> 00:47:58,410
going to open here but these days these

1106
00:48:02,720 --> 00:48:00,120
days I'm helping make sure that the

1107
00:48:04,400 --> 00:48:02,730
software is right for our program okay

1108
00:48:07,160 --> 00:48:04,410
so before we you know move a little

1109
00:48:08,750 --> 00:48:07,170
further so what is Sofia because you

1110
00:48:10,610 --> 00:48:08,760
know everything on the government has an

1111
00:48:13,640 --> 00:48:10,620
acronym this is Sofia is not just a name

1112
00:48:17,650 --> 00:48:13,650
it's a fancy acronym that's right it's

1113
00:48:22,010 --> 00:48:17,660
all in the name it's the stratospheric

1114
00:48:23,720 --> 00:48:22,020
Observatory for infrared astronomy which

1115
00:48:27,980 --> 00:48:23,730
I like to affectionately refer to it is

1116
00:48:29,930 --> 00:48:27,990
it's a telescope on a plane it's the

1117
00:48:32,300 --> 00:48:29,940
largest telescope on a plane in the

1118
00:48:36,050 --> 00:48:32,310
world we fly at night to look at the

1119
00:48:38,480 --> 00:48:36,060
Stars and it flies out of Palmdale where

1120
00:48:40,360 --> 00:48:38,490
the operation center is with Armstrong

1121
00:48:43,160 --> 00:48:40,370
and in Southern Cal

1122
00:48:46,490 --> 00:48:43,170
the Science Center is here at Ames and

1123
00:48:48,700 --> 00:48:46,500
so here we have the science team that

1124
00:48:52,280 --> 00:48:48,710
looks at all the data that comes in

1125
00:48:54,200 --> 00:48:52,290
sorts it out does reduction pipeline

1126
00:48:56,720 --> 00:48:54,210
stuff and then sends it out to the

1127
00:48:57,980 --> 00:48:56,730
community to do work on it in the

1128
00:49:00,260 --> 00:48:57,990
community sense where a lot of the

1129
00:49:07,490 --> 00:49:00,270
science questions are answered okay

1130
00:49:10,610 --> 00:49:07,500
so Matt let's go ahead and I know the

1131
00:49:12,950 --> 00:49:10,620
general rule is like don't shake it and

1132
00:49:20,660 --> 00:49:12,960
let's get this awesome wrapping paper

1133
00:49:24,670 --> 00:49:20,670
out of the way as then I try to undo

1134
00:49:26,960 --> 00:49:24,680
this box which is slightly there we go

1135
00:49:30,140 --> 00:49:26,970
I'm just gonna rip this thing off

1136
00:49:34,640 --> 00:49:30,150
because for whatever reason it's Oh take

1137
00:49:43,360 --> 00:49:34,650
a look at this and then here we go for

1138
00:49:45,890 --> 00:49:43,370
the unboxing so guys this is Sofia

1139
00:49:47,570 --> 00:49:45,900
Observatory for it for an astronomy get

1140
00:49:49,640 --> 00:49:47,580
on that side because that's where it is

1141
00:49:52,880 --> 00:49:49,650
turning this towards you is because over

1142
00:50:00,110 --> 00:49:52,890
here you see our telescope it's about

1143
00:50:03,110 --> 00:50:00,120
two meters it's about two meters 2.5

1144
00:50:08,540 --> 00:50:03,120
meters sorry in diameter about twice as

1145
00:50:11,030 --> 00:50:08,550
tall as a person and it is aluminum

1146
00:50:13,250 --> 00:50:11,040
coated and what we do is we fly it at

1147
00:50:18,320 --> 00:50:13,260
night and look at the Stars kind of in

1148
00:50:22,100 --> 00:50:18,330
this way why do we fly a telescope it's

1149
00:50:25,460 --> 00:50:22,110
because to do infrared astronomy we need

1150
00:50:27,860 --> 00:50:25,470
to get through the the water vapor that

1151
00:50:30,410 --> 00:50:27,870
hugs close to the earth okay so speaking

1152
00:50:32,630 --> 00:50:30,420
of that I bill I think we have a really

1153
00:50:37,090 --> 00:50:32,640
cool clip that talks a little bit about

1154
00:50:43,190 --> 00:50:40,220
so you're seeing Sofia in flight there's

1155
00:50:44,750 --> 00:50:43,200
the telescope opening door rather the

1156
00:50:47,960 --> 00:50:44,760
door the telescope's inside they're

1157
00:50:51,860 --> 00:50:47,970
probably taken from one of the f-18

1158
00:50:53,000 --> 00:50:51,870
chase planes and this is what we do in

1159
00:50:54,950 --> 00:50:53,010
flight

1160
00:50:56,330 --> 00:50:54,960
the telescope opens up it's kind of like

1161
00:50:58,460 --> 00:50:56,340
a big garage door you can see there's

1162
00:51:00,109 --> 00:50:58,470
actually an apse your aperture that

1163
00:51:03,080 --> 00:51:00,119
tracks with the telescope as it moves up

1164
00:51:04,790 --> 00:51:03,090
and down and to point the telescope you

1165
00:51:08,030 --> 00:51:04,800
can move the telescope what's called as

1166
00:51:09,200 --> 00:51:08,040
mythili up and down but then to look in

1167
00:51:11,420 --> 00:51:09,210
a different direction you actually have

1168
00:51:17,090 --> 00:51:11,430
to turn the plane so our flight plans

1169
00:51:18,290 --> 00:51:17,100
are pretty interesting probably well

1170
00:51:24,280 --> 00:51:18,300
it's hard to tell that sunset or sunrise

1171
00:51:28,490 --> 00:51:24,290
coming in but it's quite quite a

1172
00:51:31,490 --> 00:51:28,500
operation to be flying a telescope so

1173
00:51:34,330 --> 00:51:31,500
have you ever gotten to fly to fly

1174
00:51:39,020 --> 00:51:34,340
several times it is really spectacular

1175
00:51:41,030 --> 00:51:39,030
to be in near space conditions and

1176
00:51:42,950 --> 00:51:41,040
what's really amazing is that keep in

1177
00:51:46,130 --> 00:51:42,960
mind that telescope that's open to

1178
00:51:47,720 --> 00:51:46,140
45,000 feet and then in the cabin I'm

1179
00:51:58,640 --> 00:51:47,730
sitting there in a coaches like I am now

1180
00:52:00,290 --> 00:51:58,650
not in this actual plane for ants like

1181
00:52:02,120 --> 00:52:00,300
you're riding in that thing the

1182
00:52:05,870 --> 00:52:02,130
turbulence how does that affect when you

1183
00:52:07,820 --> 00:52:05,880
open that door does it matter it's a

1184
00:52:09,560 --> 00:52:07,830
testament to the engineers that designed

1185
00:52:12,740 --> 00:52:09,570
this it's kind of hard to see on this

1186
00:52:14,720 --> 00:52:12,750
model but actually the windscreen comes

1187
00:52:17,690 --> 00:52:14,730
this way there's a kick out here and

1188
00:52:19,550 --> 00:52:17,700
then and then a matched slope in the

1189
00:52:22,340 --> 00:52:19,560
back and there's actually a baffling

1190
00:52:23,720 --> 00:52:22,350
inside that keeps what is called a

1191
00:52:25,430 --> 00:52:23,730
venturi effect from happening that's

1192
00:52:27,200 --> 00:52:25,440
kind of there's an effect that would

1193
00:52:29,930 --> 00:52:27,210
happen when you have air going this way

1194
00:52:32,960 --> 00:52:29,940
it would feel like there's a pressure

1195
00:52:35,750 --> 00:52:32,970
orthogonal to it think of the effect of

1196
00:52:37,099 --> 00:52:35,760
wind going against two buildings that

1197
00:52:38,840 --> 00:52:37,109
are really close together when you stand

1198
00:52:40,280 --> 00:52:38,850
between buildings you get a rush of air

1199
00:52:42,109 --> 00:52:40,290
with wind going across the other way

1200
00:52:44,540 --> 00:52:42,119
that's what would happen here but the

1201
00:52:46,970 --> 00:52:44,550
engineering so good that when we opened

1202
00:52:48,290 --> 00:52:46,980
the door for the first time they

1203
00:52:50,150 --> 00:52:48,300
actually had to call to the chase plane

1204
00:52:52,609 --> 00:52:50,160
and say hey is the door open really

1205
00:52:54,440 --> 00:52:52,619
because the pilots could not feel it on

1206
00:52:56,750 --> 00:52:54,450
the stick they had an indicator in the

1207
00:52:59,599 --> 00:52:56,760
cockpit that it was open but they wanted

1208
00:53:02,570 --> 00:52:59,609
to confirm so one of the questions that

1209
00:53:04,099 --> 00:53:02,580
comes from digital Don Don sure he wants

1210
00:53:06,240 --> 00:53:04,109
to know does the telescope need any

1211
00:53:08,640 --> 00:53:06,250
stabilization yes

1212
00:53:11,760 --> 00:53:08,650
great question there is actually a very

1213
00:53:14,160 --> 00:53:11,770
special type of engineering around that

1214
00:53:16,080 --> 00:53:14,170
stabilization so for takeoff and landing

1215
00:53:18,870 --> 00:53:16,090
we actually locked the telescope in a

1216
00:53:21,840 --> 00:53:18,880
specific way to safe it against the

1217
00:53:25,050 --> 00:53:21,850
impact of a landing and the rumble of a

1218
00:53:27,240 --> 00:53:25,060
take-off and that is a bladder on

1219
00:53:28,950 --> 00:53:27,250
bladder rubber bladder on bladder that

1220
00:53:31,200 --> 00:53:28,960
is very similar to air ride trucking

1221
00:53:33,060 --> 00:53:31,210
technology so that's for takeoff and

1222
00:53:33,600 --> 00:53:33,070
landing we call it caging the telescope

1223
00:53:36,710 --> 00:53:33,610
okay

1224
00:53:39,720 --> 00:53:36,720
now in flight the telescope is actually

1225
00:53:41,460 --> 00:53:39,730
suspended half the telescope is in the

1226
00:53:43,590 --> 00:53:41,470
cabin half the telescope is in what we

1227
00:53:46,380 --> 00:53:43,600
called CellScope cavity the back area

1228
00:53:49,440 --> 00:53:46,390
that's open to 45,000 feet there's a the

1229
00:53:51,810 --> 00:53:49,450
fulcrum on which it rests is actually a

1230
00:53:55,620 --> 00:53:51,820
spherical bearing kind of like a gimbal

1231
00:54:00,990 --> 00:53:55,630
and that bearing is on pressurized oil

1232
00:54:03,090 --> 00:54:01,000
that is as thin as a human hair but when

1233
00:54:05,010 --> 00:54:03,100
what we do is we balance the telescope

1234
00:54:07,170 --> 00:54:05,020
so perfectly and I've literally done

1235
00:54:09,150 --> 00:54:07,180
this that I've moved 17 tons with my

1236
00:54:11,340 --> 00:54:09,160
pinky because there's no moment of

1237
00:54:14,040 --> 00:54:11,350
inertia you can just move it around on

1238
00:54:16,740 --> 00:54:14,050
that bearing it's spectacular one that

1239
00:54:19,700 --> 00:54:16,750
isolates it from the turbulence so the

1240
00:54:22,020 --> 00:54:19,710
aircraft is doing this and the telescope

1241
00:54:24,090 --> 00:54:22,030
the aircraft is moving around the

1242
00:54:27,270 --> 00:54:24,100
bearing and the telescope is locked onto

1243
00:54:29,040 --> 00:54:27,280
a star so we have an antiparticle 73 was

1244
00:54:30,870 --> 00:54:29,050
asking about images captured by Sofie

1245
00:54:33,030 --> 00:54:30,880
but I also want to add on top of rage

1246
00:54:34,470 --> 00:54:33,040
Jordan asks that can Sophia see black

1247
00:54:35,700 --> 00:54:34,480
holes because I know like when you're

1248
00:54:38,070 --> 00:54:35,710
looking at things in the infrared it's

1249
00:54:39,780 --> 00:54:38,080
different from your visual light so our

1250
00:54:41,070 --> 00:54:39,790
black holes in the game is that stuff

1251
00:54:42,960 --> 00:54:41,080
that you're looking at so we actually

1252
00:54:46,110 --> 00:54:42,970
have a very famous image looking at the

1253
00:54:50,550 --> 00:54:46,120
center of the galaxy that I urge people

1254
00:54:52,890 --> 00:54:50,560
to look up where we look at the matter

1255
00:54:55,470 --> 00:54:52,900
that's being sucked in and therefore

1256
00:54:57,690 --> 00:54:55,480
push it putting off a lot of light into

1257
00:54:58,740 --> 00:54:57,700
a black hole but the black hole is not

1258
00:54:59,250 --> 00:54:58,750
able to be imaged that's why it's a

1259
00:55:08,490 --> 00:54:59,260
black hole

1260
00:55:09,660 --> 00:55:08,500
you see everything around exactly and

1261
00:55:12,180 --> 00:55:09,670
nothing's coming out but what you

1262
00:55:14,970 --> 00:55:12,190
actually can see if you go look this

1263
00:55:18,130 --> 00:55:14,980
image up on the Sofia webpage is you see

1264
00:55:21,070 --> 00:55:18,140
this beautiful Corona

1265
00:55:23,140 --> 00:55:21,080
around we're at the very center of that

1266
00:55:25,930 --> 00:55:23,150
image the black hole would be and that

1267
00:55:27,220 --> 00:55:25,940
is that was a very important important

1268
00:55:28,810 --> 00:55:27,230
science result because it was basically

1269
00:55:30,340 --> 00:55:28,820
an independent confirmation of a

1270
00:55:32,650 --> 00:55:30,350
supermassive black hole at the center of

1271
00:55:34,000 --> 00:55:32,660
the galaxy so this is actually really

1272
00:55:36,670 --> 00:55:34,010
good questions it just popped up in the

1273
00:55:38,890 --> 00:55:36,680
chat is from president underscore donald

1274
00:55:40,870 --> 00:55:38,900
underscore trump asked nasa why use a

1275
00:55:42,430 --> 00:55:40,880
plane when we have satellites and what

1276
00:55:43,810 --> 00:55:42,440
are the benefits of using a plane so

1277
00:55:45,760 --> 00:55:43,820
yeah let's talk about this we have they

1278
00:55:47,290 --> 00:55:45,770
are space telescopes that we learned

1279
00:55:49,390 --> 00:55:47,300
from Kepler we have satellites that

1280
00:55:51,640 --> 00:55:49,400
circle the earth so and there's

1281
00:55:54,070 --> 00:55:51,650
land-based telescopes so talk about that

1282
00:55:56,110 --> 00:55:54,080
unique world where a telescope on a

1283
00:55:59,260 --> 00:55:56,120
plane is is critical yes that's a great

1284
00:56:02,890 --> 00:55:59,270
question thank you mister president so

1285
00:56:07,090 --> 00:56:02,900
Sofia bridges a gap between ground-based

1286
00:56:10,440 --> 00:56:07,100
telescopes and satellites so when we get

1287
00:56:13,720 --> 00:56:10,450
above the water vapor we're seeing

1288
00:56:16,030 --> 00:56:13,730
99.99% transmission in infrared on the

1289
00:56:18,460 --> 00:56:16,040
top of Mauna Kea in Hawaii which is

1290
00:56:21,700 --> 00:56:18,470
where there are several amazing infrared

1291
00:56:23,590 --> 00:56:21,710
observatories and an infrared

1292
00:56:26,650 --> 00:56:23,600
Observatory and other observatories you

1293
00:56:28,780 --> 00:56:26,660
get about 25% transmission so you're

1294
00:56:30,670 --> 00:56:28,790
still in the soup as it were when you're

1295
00:56:32,920 --> 00:56:30,680
even on top of mountain when you get

1296
00:56:34,270 --> 00:56:32,930
Sofia you get too near space I'm gonna

1297
00:56:36,370 --> 00:56:34,280
say you're gonna want to keep the mic up

1298
00:56:41,520 --> 00:56:36,380
on the mic yeah I can imagine Eric or

1299
00:56:47,500 --> 00:56:45,220
so so what act so what Sofia does is it

1300
00:56:50,320 --> 00:56:47,510
gives you an ability to have near

1301
00:56:52,660 --> 00:56:50,330
satellite quality but it comes home

1302
00:56:54,670 --> 00:56:52,670
every night so we actually have had a

1303
00:56:57,970 --> 00:56:54,680
suite of seven different types of

1304
00:57:02,020 --> 00:56:57,980
instruments or cameras in different

1305
00:57:03,970 --> 00:57:02,030
types of cameras that have we've been

1306
00:57:05,860 --> 00:57:03,980
able to field at different times when

1307
00:57:08,080 --> 00:57:05,870
you launch a satellite that's all you

1308
00:57:09,970 --> 00:57:08,090
got and that lasts a certain amount of

1309
00:57:12,760 --> 00:57:09,980
time and then it's done whereas Sofia

1310
00:57:14,530 --> 00:57:12,770
can fly for 25 or 30 years train a lot

1311
00:57:17,140 --> 00:57:14,540
of scientists trained a lot of graduate

1312
00:57:19,510 --> 00:57:17,150
students helped develop technology by

1313
00:57:20,800 --> 00:57:19,520
testing it in Sofia where there's a lot

1314
00:57:22,780 --> 00:57:20,810
less risk because it comes home every

1315
00:57:25,150 --> 00:57:22,790
night if that camera breaks you've got

1316
00:57:26,650 --> 00:57:25,160
six more that you can change out to si

1317
00:57:28,930 --> 00:57:26,660
that's also a unique thing normally like

1318
00:57:30,700 --> 00:57:28,940
when you send Hubble I mean though they

1319
00:57:32,810 --> 00:57:30,710
did service Hubble but like

1320
00:57:34,280 --> 00:57:32,820
take your space block it's not exactly

1321
00:57:36,170 --> 00:57:34,290
easy to do but but these Space

1322
00:57:37,910 --> 00:57:36,180
Telescope's like you can change out

1323
00:57:40,310 --> 00:57:37,920
those instruments technology improves

1324
00:57:42,350 --> 00:57:40,320
you come up with actually on our

1325
00:57:46,820 --> 00:57:42,360
third-generation instrument that's being

1326
00:57:48,950 --> 00:57:46,830
developed now recently we've finally hit

1327
00:57:50,990 --> 00:57:48,960
our stride with the hawk instrument

1328
00:57:53,090 --> 00:57:51,000
which was our second generation and it's

1329
00:57:55,790 --> 00:57:53,100
producing absolutely amazing science

1330
00:57:58,970 --> 00:57:55,800
that's really revolutionizing things in

1331
00:58:01,130 --> 00:57:58,980
fact it the double-a s in January we've

1332
00:58:10,840 --> 00:58:01,140
got some featured presentations that are

1333
00:58:15,050 --> 00:58:13,520
and we'll have you back on and we'll

1334
00:58:16,850 --> 00:58:15,060
talk more about that stuff how are we

1335
00:58:19,070 --> 00:58:16,860
doing on time Daniel we do have to move

1336
00:58:22,130 --> 00:58:19,080
on so I just want to say thank you so

1337
00:58:24,140 --> 00:58:22,140
here and if you guys want to learn more

1338
00:58:25,880 --> 00:58:24,150
about the world's largest flying

1339
00:58:28,340 --> 00:58:25,890
Observatory you can check out our past

1340
00:58:31,100 --> 00:58:28,350
episode about Sofia in the history of

1341
00:58:34,070 --> 00:58:31,110
airborne astronomy awesome thank you

1342
00:58:37,400 --> 00:58:34,080
very much awesome all right we got more

1343
00:58:42,680 --> 00:58:37,410
gifts coming right so let's go ahead and

1344
00:58:58,700 --> 00:58:42,690
bring out yeah oh yeah we need some

1345
00:59:01,130 --> 00:58:58,710
intro music over here first things first

1346
00:59:02,660 --> 00:59:01,140
welcome and if you guys want to want to

1347
00:59:05,240 --> 00:59:02,670
tell our viewers like a little bit about

1348
00:59:07,310 --> 00:59:05,250
what you do here yeah so I'm a support

1349
00:59:09,800 --> 00:59:07,320
scientist here at Ames and I work with

1350
00:59:11,690 --> 00:59:09,810
space biology and space Biosciences

1351
00:59:13,970 --> 00:59:11,700
helping other people do space

1352
00:59:16,400 --> 00:59:13,980
Biosciences research that's pretty cool

1353
00:59:21,320 --> 00:59:16,410
so are you the one that's actually doing

1354
00:59:22,760 --> 00:59:21,330
the science nope support scientist and

1355
00:59:24,650 --> 00:59:22,770
research scientist

1356
00:59:26,300 --> 00:59:24,660
right so there's a lot of different

1357
00:59:28,610 --> 00:59:26,310
things that go on behind the scenes

1358
00:59:30,650 --> 00:59:28,620
research there's actual work in the lab

1359
00:59:32,090 --> 00:59:30,660
and then there's also like you know

1360
00:59:34,910 --> 00:59:32,100
getting the grants and then there's

1361
00:59:36,500 --> 00:59:34,920
administering everything and then a lot

1362
00:59:38,240 --> 00:59:36,510
of what we do here at Ames also is

1363
00:59:41,180 --> 00:59:38,250
helping experiments actually get to the

1364
00:59:43,100 --> 00:59:41,190
space station so and I help the people

1365
00:59:44,060 --> 00:59:43,110
who do all those things plus a little

1366
00:59:52,670 --> 00:59:44,070
bit of outreach light

1367
00:59:57,080 --> 00:59:52,680
that's to shake it too much we've got

1368
00:59:59,240 --> 00:59:57,090
some cool stuff over here so oh wow so

1369
01:00:03,800 --> 00:59:59,250
you know some people get puppies or

1370
01:00:05,450 --> 01:00:03,810
kittens for Christmas we're getting a

1371
01:00:08,600 --> 01:00:05,460
little something else I'm gonna hand

1372
01:00:11,810 --> 01:00:08,610
this on over to you cuz so that mark and

1373
01:00:24,880 --> 01:00:11,820
Jesse can get in on that shot as close

1374
01:00:30,790 --> 01:00:24,890
as they can there we go oh look at that

1375
01:00:32,810 --> 01:00:30,800
so what are those things

1376
01:00:36,020 --> 01:00:32,820
these are fruit flies

1377
01:00:38,420 --> 01:00:36,030
they're totally ordinary fruit flies

1378
01:00:43,460 --> 01:00:38,430
like you get around your compost bin or

1379
01:00:45,050 --> 01:00:43,470
fruit house and they're model organisms

1380
01:00:46,280 --> 01:00:45,060
for research which means that which

1381
01:00:48,130 --> 01:00:46,290
means that a lot of scientists around

1382
01:00:50,540 --> 01:00:48,140
the world use them to do their research

1383
01:00:52,760 --> 01:00:50,550
now I see we're still here we go yeah

1384
01:00:54,920 --> 01:00:52,770
look at that shot yeah can you see those

1385
01:00:57,310 --> 01:00:54,930
flies maybe if I move these guys you

1386
01:01:02,180 --> 01:00:57,320
have this whole bunch of flies in there

1387
01:01:04,010 --> 01:01:02,190
so yeah so scientists at Ames have sent

1388
01:01:06,230 --> 01:01:04,020
fruit flies to the space station on

1389
01:01:08,510 --> 01:01:06,240
numerous occasions and it turns out I

1390
01:01:10,370 --> 01:01:08,520
was told yesterday that fruit flies were

1391
01:01:12,650 --> 01:01:10,380
one of the first organisms that actually

1392
01:01:14,960 --> 01:01:12,660
ever went to space interesting they've

1393
01:01:22,610 --> 01:01:14,970
been they've been space adventurers

1394
01:01:23,960 --> 01:01:22,620
since the 40s Wow yeah so I mean these

1395
01:01:25,580 --> 01:01:23,970
fruit flies not maybe not these ones

1396
01:01:28,490 --> 01:01:25,590
specifically but I'm sure they're

1397
01:01:30,200 --> 01:01:28,500
cousins like have been to the space

1398
01:01:32,720 --> 01:01:30,210
station so talk a little bit about that

1399
01:01:38,540 --> 01:01:32,730
what maybe these guys is like great

1400
01:01:40,700 --> 01:01:38,550
great great great aunt or something yes

1401
01:01:42,910 --> 01:01:40,710
lots of different experiments have taken

1402
01:01:45,170 --> 01:01:42,920
fruit flies to the space station and

1403
01:01:46,670 --> 01:01:45,180
they've looked at things like what

1404
01:01:48,050 --> 01:01:46,680
happens to their hearts when they're in

1405
01:01:51,490 --> 01:01:48,060
space what happens to their immune

1406
01:01:54,310 --> 01:01:51,500
system do they get infected by bacteria

1407
01:01:56,960 --> 01:01:54,320
more easily after they've been in space

1408
01:01:57,380 --> 01:01:56,970
and the reason that fruit flies are used

1409
01:01:59,000 --> 01:01:57,390
for

1410
01:02:00,470 --> 01:01:59,010
that kind of research is that they

1411
01:02:05,360 --> 01:02:00,480
actually have a lot in common with

1412
01:02:07,520 --> 01:02:05,370
people and for instance 77% of the

1413
01:02:09,710 --> 01:02:07,530
disease genes in humans also have

1414
01:02:11,660 --> 01:02:09,720
analogs in flies so that means that G

1415
01:02:14,560 --> 01:02:11,670
flies have really similar genes to us

1416
01:02:17,030 --> 01:02:14,570
and then we can use flies to figure out

1417
01:02:18,590 --> 01:02:17,040
what are the risks to astronauts if they

1418
01:02:21,020 --> 01:02:18,600
spend a lot of time in space so like

1419
01:02:23,180 --> 01:02:21,030
flies have really short life cycles it

1420
01:02:24,680 --> 01:02:23,190
only takes them you know they live for

1421
01:02:26,600 --> 01:02:24,690
like a month and a half or something

1422
01:02:28,040 --> 01:02:26,610
like that so we can see there what

1423
01:02:29,870 --> 01:02:28,050
happens to a fly that spends its entire

1424
01:02:31,670 --> 01:02:29,880
life in space and how does that affect

1425
01:02:34,550 --> 01:02:31,680
it because it's a lot harder to do that

1426
01:02:37,070 --> 01:02:34,560
with the human astronauts that's what

1427
01:02:38,900 --> 01:02:37,080
does happen to a fly in space in

1428
01:02:40,820 --> 01:02:38,910
zero-gravity how does it affect it what

1429
01:02:43,370 --> 01:02:40,830
is the how is it different yeah so it's

1430
01:02:44,720 --> 01:02:43,380
the I mean similar to what happens to

1431
01:02:47,270 --> 01:02:44,730
human astronauts like their immune

1432
01:02:48,980 --> 01:02:47,280
systems don't work as well there are

1433
01:02:50,210 --> 01:02:48,990
changes to how their heart works they

1434
01:02:56,360 --> 01:02:50,220
don't have any bones so we can't study

1435
01:02:58,580 --> 01:02:56,370
bones and flies but they even fly it's

1436
01:02:59,990 --> 01:02:58,590
funny they kind of like they can they

1437
01:03:02,510 --> 01:03:00,000
move their wings and they kind of like

1438
01:03:04,520 --> 01:03:02,520
drift around and and then kind of try to

1439
01:03:08,870 --> 01:03:04,530
grab onto the wall like doesn't work as

1440
01:03:13,220 --> 01:03:08,880
well like I don't know is like some

1441
01:03:14,630 --> 01:03:13,230
vibration they like create momentum for

1442
01:03:18,290 --> 01:03:14,640
their wings to push again okay I guess

1443
01:03:22,370 --> 01:03:18,300
yeah but it's confusing I guess and they

1444
01:03:24,020 --> 01:03:22,380
kind of tend to bounce off the walls is

1445
01:03:25,930 --> 01:03:24,030
that yellow stuff in there is that stuff

1446
01:03:29,600 --> 01:03:25,940
that they're eating or what is in this

1447
01:03:34,660 --> 01:03:29,610
vials that's their food it's made out of

1448
01:03:36,920 --> 01:03:34,670
like yeast and sugar and cornmeal and

1449
01:03:38,780 --> 01:03:36,930
there's enough food in there for them to

1450
01:03:41,120 --> 01:03:38,790
live for like a month and they'll also

1451
01:03:48,650 --> 01:03:41,130
lay their eggs in there and their babies

1452
01:03:50,720 --> 01:03:48,660
will grow in it so it's like a fly how

1453
01:03:53,180 --> 01:03:50,730
long do these missions last aboard the

1454
01:03:55,880 --> 01:03:53,190
ISS usually they last for about a month

1455
01:03:57,890 --> 01:03:55,890
a lot of the missions like will go up on

1456
01:04:00,100 --> 01:03:57,900
one spacecraft stuff will happen for a

1457
01:04:02,770 --> 01:04:00,110
month and they'll come back down so that

1458
01:04:05,030 --> 01:04:02,780
the researchers can see what happened

1459
01:04:06,560 --> 01:04:05,040
after they were in space which is really

1460
01:04:09,140 --> 01:04:06,570
neat to actually be able to get samples

1461
01:04:10,320 --> 01:04:09,150
back from space as well so are we

1462
01:04:12,930 --> 01:04:10,330
talking multiple

1463
01:04:15,240 --> 01:04:12,940
generations one generation like you got

1464
01:04:17,670 --> 01:04:15,250
like your great-great-great definitely

1465
01:04:19,680 --> 01:04:17,680
so for flies I think that usually they

1466
01:04:21,390 --> 01:04:19,690
get back around three generations of

1467
01:04:22,710 --> 01:04:21,400
flies I mean if they left them up longer

1468
01:04:24,840 --> 01:04:22,720
than you would get they would just keep

1469
01:04:27,150 --> 01:04:24,850
breeding in there eventually they would

1470
01:04:29,490 --> 01:04:27,160
need new food but ya have a ton of

1471
01:04:32,160 --> 01:04:29,500
questions it's like one is this is from

1472
01:04:34,140 --> 01:04:32,170
row sonic what's your favorite project

1473
01:04:36,720 --> 01:04:34,150
you've helped work on and that has made

1474
01:04:40,350 --> 01:04:36,730
it to the space station so I myself have

1475
01:04:42,090 --> 01:04:40,360
not worked on any single project I'm

1476
01:04:46,380 --> 01:04:42,100
kind of more at the program level

1477
01:05:05,520 --> 01:04:46,390
helping all of the projects take credit

1478
01:05:06,930 --> 01:05:05,530
for several things one thing that I

1479
01:05:10,380 --> 01:05:06,940
think is cool is that there's gonna be

1480
01:05:12,780 --> 01:05:10,390
an experiment coming up I think in 2019

1481
01:05:14,730 --> 01:05:12,790
with tardigrades and I mean you can't

1482
01:05:17,070 --> 01:05:14,740
not like tardigrades they're little

1483
01:05:19,640 --> 01:05:17,080
crazy creatures with claws and they're

1484
01:05:21,600 --> 01:05:19,650
microscopic and they like survive

1485
01:05:23,490 --> 01:05:21,610
radiation and they can survive the

1486
01:05:25,470 --> 01:05:23,500
vacuum of space so they're really neat I

1487
01:05:26,700 --> 01:05:25,480
like them personally interesting Omni

1488
01:05:28,850 --> 01:05:26,710
slash has a question how many

1489
01:05:31,590 --> 01:05:28,860
generations would it take for the Flies

1490
01:05:34,980 --> 01:05:31,600
the Flies take to evolve to get used to

1491
01:05:36,720 --> 01:05:34,990
low gravity I don't know I'm not sure

1492
01:05:39,120 --> 01:05:36,730
that an experiment has been done on that

1493
01:05:41,150 --> 01:05:39,130
yet but fruit flies are used for a lot

1494
01:05:43,920 --> 01:05:41,160
of genetics and evolution research so if

1495
01:05:46,050 --> 01:05:43,930
you know if we could get funding to do

1496
01:05:48,900 --> 01:05:46,060
that then we could just try it out one

1497
01:05:51,330 --> 01:05:48,910
of our reoccurring guests this is space

1498
01:05:53,850 --> 01:05:51,340
TV net have more fruit flies gone to

1499
01:05:56,460 --> 01:05:53,860
space than any other creature and I'm

1500
01:05:59,130 --> 01:05:56,470
actually going to tag on that so like

1501
01:06:02,300 --> 01:05:59,140
what other things have flown oh yeah

1502
01:06:05,880 --> 01:06:02,310
lots of organism so from from Ames

1503
01:06:11,820 --> 01:06:05,890
specifically we have flown mice and

1504
01:06:13,920 --> 01:06:11,830
yeast like plants and then there's also

1505
01:06:15,330 --> 01:06:13,930
been lots of organisms in space in

1506
01:06:20,460 --> 01:06:15,340
general not just from Ames I mean

1507
01:06:22,830 --> 01:06:20,470
there's also been squid what else

1508
01:06:23,790 --> 01:06:22,840
it's ridiculous the list of organisms

1509
01:06:30,240 --> 01:06:23,800
that have been up there I think it

1510
01:06:32,280 --> 01:06:30,250
spiders birds yeah interesting it's more

1511
01:06:33,359 --> 01:06:32,290
like what his not how are we doing we

1512
01:06:39,960 --> 01:06:33,369
have a ton of questions but I knew I

1513
01:06:41,660 --> 01:06:39,970
have there was one thing that I did want

1514
01:06:44,190 --> 01:06:41,670
to show off and this is something that I

1515
01:06:47,700 --> 01:06:44,200
caught in and I'm gonna hand this over

1516
01:06:50,550 --> 01:06:47,710
to you il di oh and like let's zoom in

1517
01:06:56,130 --> 01:06:50,560
on that like it Marc and Jesse will get

1518
01:07:03,750 --> 01:06:56,140
a good shot on this look it's like some

1519
01:07:07,230 --> 01:07:03,760
yeast Christmas art the storyline is so

1520
01:07:09,089 --> 01:07:07,240
yeast is a like a important organism for

1521
01:07:11,849 --> 01:07:09,099
an upcoming mission at Ames called bio

1522
01:07:13,589 --> 01:07:11,859
Sentinel they're gonna send yeast into

1523
01:07:16,260 --> 01:07:13,599
deep space it's gonna be the first time

1524
01:07:18,380 --> 01:07:16,270
there's a organism in deep space outside

1525
01:07:20,970 --> 01:07:18,390
of low-earth orbit since Apollo times

1526
01:07:23,070 --> 01:07:20,980
space station it's going it's going it's

1527
01:07:24,870 --> 01:07:23,080
gonna orbit the Sun on its own and its

1528
01:07:27,810 --> 01:07:24,880
own little small set it's pretty cool

1529
01:07:29,579 --> 01:07:27,820
and yeast are awesome because they're

1530
01:07:32,070 --> 01:07:29,589
eukaryotes like humans and they've got

1531
01:07:35,490 --> 01:07:32,080
complicated cells but they're

1532
01:07:37,320 --> 01:07:35,500
single-celled organisms so we can stick

1533
01:07:40,170 --> 01:07:37,330
them in a satellite and see how they can

1534
01:07:41,190 --> 01:07:40,180
deal with that radiation but they're you

1535
01:07:46,109 --> 01:07:41,200
know you can also make art with them

1536
01:07:48,839 --> 01:07:46,119
nice throw a link over into the chat

1537
01:07:50,609 --> 01:07:48,849
because there's this is just like just

1538
01:07:52,650 --> 01:07:50,619
the surface of some of the different

1539
01:07:55,920 --> 01:07:52,660
yeast art that folks had pulled together

1540
01:07:57,990 --> 01:07:55,930
some holiday themed ones that I think if

1541
01:08:00,420 --> 01:07:58,000
people remember a be one of our co-hosts

1542
01:08:03,270 --> 01:08:00,430
is a help throw together a story with

1543
01:08:04,890 --> 01:08:03,280
the aisle so that in there so you guys

1544
01:08:07,470 --> 01:08:04,900
could check out some other cool holiday

1545
01:08:14,490 --> 01:08:07,480
art they pulled together for the name of

1546
01:08:17,220 --> 01:08:14,500
science so we actually since we pulled

1547
01:08:20,039 --> 01:08:17,230
out this cool yeast art we're gonna have

1548
01:08:21,539 --> 01:08:20,049
to move on and say goodbye but if you

1549
01:08:23,550 --> 01:08:21,549
guys want to learn more about some of

1550
01:08:25,440 --> 01:08:23,560
our life science research aboard the

1551
01:08:27,690 --> 01:08:25,450
international space station you can

1552
01:08:29,870 --> 01:08:27,700
check out our genius space hacks episode

1553
01:08:33,360 --> 01:08:29,880
and you go ahead and visit nasa.gov

1554
01:08:34,559 --> 01:08:33,370
backslash ames bat class NASA in Silicon

1555
01:08:36,780 --> 01:08:34,569
Valley live

1556
01:08:39,559 --> 01:08:36,790
all right so as the IO makes her way out

1557
01:08:42,300 --> 01:08:39,569
who do we have up on deck we have a

1558
01:08:45,990 --> 01:08:42,310
researcher by the name of Robin and

1559
01:08:53,789 --> 01:08:46,000
she's also around here we call her the

1560
01:08:55,740 --> 01:08:53,799
queen of keeping spacecraft cool so the

1561
01:08:57,410 --> 01:08:55,750
folks at who don't remember or if you

1562
01:09:05,430 --> 01:08:57,420
haven't seen the other episode yeah

1563
01:09:44,879 --> 01:09:05,440
Robin was just here yes she is in this

1564
01:09:52,320 --> 01:09:44,889
box over here all right let's do this

1565
01:09:57,089 --> 01:09:52,330
this is the unboxing and keep the lid

1566
01:10:01,850 --> 01:09:57,099
closed bye okay so this is actually a

1567
01:10:08,760 --> 01:10:01,860
tile that could have flown on the

1568
01:10:13,979 --> 01:10:08,770
spacecraft that to Mars so this is a

1569
01:10:17,890 --> 01:10:13,989
shoulder tile and it is installed

1570
01:10:21,310 --> 01:10:17,900
this way so it comes up and over and we

1571
01:10:23,860 --> 01:10:21,320
get the the highest heating is right at

1572
01:10:26,080 --> 01:10:23,870
that intersection so I actually think we

1573
01:10:30,150 --> 01:10:26,090
have a really cool photo so dude can we

1574
01:10:41,979 --> 01:10:35,979
can you see okay so actually I had

1575
01:10:46,810 --> 01:10:41,989
outlined one of these that's the size of

1576
01:10:49,330 --> 01:10:46,820
this tile so this is one tile out of 32

1577
01:10:51,939 --> 01:10:49,340
or 33 that go around that circumference

1578
01:10:53,860 --> 01:10:51,949
there so you can see that I mean that's

1579
01:10:56,650 --> 01:10:53,870
a full-sized man standing underneath

1580
01:10:59,500 --> 01:10:56,660
there it is a four and a half meter

1581
01:11:04,600 --> 01:10:59,510
diameter spacecraft so it's pretty big

1582
01:11:08,080 --> 01:11:04,610
and so we have 30 or so 32 of these

1583
01:11:11,080 --> 01:11:08,090
going around and many many more tiles

1584
01:11:14,470 --> 01:11:11,090
each tile has its own custom-made and

1585
01:11:17,470 --> 01:11:14,480
designed nice foam box that I get

1586
01:11:20,830 --> 01:11:17,480
shipped in to protect it so that when it

1587
01:11:23,790 --> 01:11:20,840
gets to the to be installed it gets

1588
01:11:29,670 --> 01:11:23,800
there hole it's a very fragile and

1589
01:11:40,209 --> 01:11:37,360
this pika we had talked about it also

1590
01:11:43,450 --> 01:11:40,219
made a pika so I fully expect a lot of

1591
01:11:45,459 --> 01:11:43,460
Pikachu motes the back shell is not made

1592
01:11:47,709 --> 01:11:45,469
out of pika that's the forward heat

1593
01:11:51,220 --> 01:11:47,719
shield is all protected with pica and

1594
01:11:56,140 --> 01:11:51,230
pica is phenolic impregnated carbon

1595
01:11:58,990 --> 01:11:56,150
ablator and so it will handle very high

1596
01:12:03,130 --> 01:11:59,000
heating um I went back after we had

1597
01:12:06,070 --> 01:12:03,140
practice rehearse and I looked up and so

1598
01:12:08,290 --> 01:12:06,080
pika can handle heating up to about or

1599
01:12:10,959 --> 01:12:08,300
even higher than a thousand watts per

1600
01:12:16,570 --> 01:12:10,969
square centimeter and when you stand

1601
01:12:19,630 --> 01:12:16,580
outside in the Sun you get about 0.15

1602
01:12:22,780 --> 01:12:19,640
watts per square centimeter of heating

1603
01:12:25,810 --> 01:12:22,790
on your body you so this is ten thousand

1604
01:12:28,150 --> 01:12:25,820
times as high this material can take ten

1605
01:12:30,760 --> 01:12:28,160
thousand times that heating

1606
01:12:33,670 --> 01:12:30,770
so there's tons of Pikachu emotes as I

1607
01:12:35,440 --> 01:12:33,680
expected but one of the questions is

1608
01:12:37,420 --> 01:12:35,450
coming for this is from Lord inter is

1609
01:12:42,070 --> 01:12:37,430
asking could you avoid reentry heat by

1610
01:12:44,650 --> 01:12:42,080
just decelerating more um it would

1611
01:12:47,470 --> 01:12:44,660
reduce it absolutely then you have to

1612
01:12:50,080 --> 01:12:47,480
carry all of that fuel oh yeah the

1613
01:12:51,880 --> 01:12:50,090
problem and we have a lot of scenarios

1614
01:12:55,510 --> 01:12:51,890
where we look especially for the heavy

1615
01:12:57,400 --> 01:12:55,520
heavy mass we do a direct entry right we

1616
01:13:03,610 --> 01:12:57,410
travel I'm gonna set this back yeah yeah

1617
01:13:06,190 --> 01:13:03,620
there we travel and we are in crews we

1618
01:13:08,980 --> 01:13:06,200
are coming close and we release right

1619
01:13:11,560 --> 01:13:08,990
and we enter right away so but there's

1620
01:13:14,650 --> 01:13:11,570
also scenarios where we aerocapture

1621
01:13:17,620 --> 01:13:14,660
where we just skim the atmosphere to

1622
01:13:19,780 --> 01:13:17,630
slow down and to go into orbit and so we

1623
01:13:22,900 --> 01:13:19,790
get heating then not as high as entry

1624
01:13:25,150 --> 01:13:22,910
heating that we do direct so then we we

1625
01:13:28,480 --> 01:13:25,160
circle and go into orbit and then from

1626
01:13:32,200 --> 01:13:28,490
orbit and entry it's a much lower

1627
01:13:33,760 --> 01:13:32,210
heating okay but it but the heavier we

1628
01:13:35,380 --> 01:13:33,770
get the higher the you know the bigger

1629
01:13:38,200 --> 01:13:35,390
we get to higher the heating speeds and

1630
01:13:41,860 --> 01:13:38,210
and volumes and area and everything else

1631
01:13:44,590 --> 01:13:41,870
so we have issues with how we how we

1632
01:13:46,420 --> 01:13:44,600
land big things so hard J the noob is

1633
01:13:49,000 --> 01:13:46,430
asking why do they make the heat shields

1634
01:13:51,580 --> 01:13:49,010
up of many small tiles well that's a

1635
01:13:54,820 --> 01:13:51,590
really good question and that is because

1636
01:13:57,100 --> 01:13:54,830
of how the material is made this

1637
01:13:58,990 --> 01:13:57,110
material this was cut out of a billet

1638
01:14:01,930 --> 01:13:59,000
there were actually six of these cut out

1639
01:14:06,610 --> 01:14:01,940
of a single billet on the bill it's come

1640
01:14:09,190 --> 01:14:06,620
up there about 42 inches long by 22

1641
01:14:13,360 --> 01:14:09,200
inches wide these come out of an 8 inch

1642
01:14:16,600 --> 01:14:13,370
billet because they are cut this way out

1643
01:14:18,520 --> 01:14:16,610
of the billet so they can they can set

1644
01:14:24,540 --> 01:14:18,530
six out of in the billet and they cut

1645
01:14:27,250 --> 01:14:24,550
those out and we have limitations on the

1646
01:14:29,650 --> 01:14:27,260
direction and the angle such that we

1647
01:14:33,760 --> 01:14:29,660
want to have the best properties those

1648
01:14:36,610 --> 01:14:33,770
billets are you know big fat blocks like

1649
01:14:38,620 --> 01:14:36,620
like this solid but the best direction

1650
01:14:40,170 --> 01:14:38,630
the lowest heating our lowest

1651
01:14:42,510 --> 01:14:40,180
conductivity you

1652
01:14:45,180 --> 01:14:42,520
is through the thickness so if we're

1653
01:14:48,150 --> 01:14:45,190
cutting a curved piece out of it we're

1654
01:14:53,280 --> 01:14:48,160
limited also on the size of how far off

1655
01:14:55,530 --> 01:14:53,290
of the normal that we can go to keep low

1656
01:14:56,790 --> 01:14:55,540
connectivity now we have the new

1657
01:14:59,220 --> 01:14:56,800
materials we had talked about where I

1658
01:15:01,560 --> 01:14:59,230
showed the felt where first of all we

1659
01:15:04,830 --> 01:15:01,570
can make much bigger tiles because we

1660
01:15:06,900 --> 01:15:04,840
can shape them such that the low

1661
01:15:10,530 --> 01:15:06,910
connectivity is the connectivity is the

1662
01:15:14,910 --> 01:15:10,540
same everywhere and then we also that

1663
01:15:17,640 --> 01:15:14,920
the broad goods come in the felt comes

1664
01:15:20,190 --> 01:15:17,650
like like cloth almost it comes up to

1665
01:15:23,310 --> 01:15:20,200
sixty inches wide and very very long

1666
01:15:26,630 --> 01:15:23,320
rolls you know so you can make bigger

1667
01:15:29,100 --> 01:15:26,640
pieces there are limitation is our

1668
01:15:31,230 --> 01:15:29,110
processing facilities we're going to do

1669
01:15:35,760 --> 01:15:31,240
that and make bigger and bigger pieces

1670
01:15:38,970 --> 01:15:35,770
these are this tile is among the

1671
01:15:41,490 --> 01:15:38,980
smallest the next tile up those two rows

1672
01:15:45,390 --> 01:15:41,500
have the most tiles around and they are

1673
01:15:47,460 --> 01:15:45,400
the smallest tiles further up we have we

1674
01:15:52,950 --> 01:15:47,470
have larger tiles right by harder to

1675
01:15:55,440 --> 01:15:52,960
bring on set this one has some special

1676
01:15:57,300 --> 01:15:55,450
features that we have just recently come

1677
01:16:00,450 --> 01:15:57,310
across and that's the the lovely

1678
01:16:03,480 --> 01:16:00,460
tiger-stripe I'm all for it I think

1679
01:16:12,570 --> 01:16:03,490
it'll be pretty okay we fly it on Mars

1680
01:16:14,190 --> 01:16:12,580
2020 potentially end up on Mars 2020 we

1681
01:16:16,380 --> 01:16:14,200
took these two out of protect we took

1682
01:16:18,480 --> 01:16:16,390
two tiles out of production because we

1683
01:16:21,180 --> 01:16:18,490
were looking at these dark marks and

1684
01:16:23,340 --> 01:16:21,190
wanting to know could this still fly is

1685
01:16:25,680 --> 01:16:23,350
there a problem with the material and we

1686
01:16:27,990 --> 01:16:25,690
did all kinds of testing we did Arctic

1687
01:16:31,410 --> 01:16:28,000
testing which you saw yeah what that's

1688
01:16:34,410 --> 01:16:31,420
like we did properties testing we did

1689
01:16:36,690 --> 01:16:34,420
everything and have shown that the

1690
01:16:39,660 --> 01:16:36,700
material the black the dark material

1691
01:16:42,690 --> 01:16:39,670
behaves just like the light material so

1692
01:16:45,810 --> 01:16:42,700
we can fly it soak in obey is saying why

1693
01:16:48,090 --> 01:16:45,820
is the material so fragile also Robin's

1694
01:16:54,040 --> 01:16:48,100
grandson Bradley is yelling hi Nona I

1695
01:16:54,050 --> 01:16:58,009
[Music]

1696
01:17:06,000 --> 01:17:01,649
he's about 20 months old and cute as a

1697
01:17:10,080 --> 01:17:06,010
button so about why it's so fragile it

1698
01:17:13,759 --> 01:17:10,090
is a very brittle material it it doesn't

1699
01:17:17,310 --> 01:17:13,769
Bend it doesn't stretch at all and so

1700
01:17:19,649 --> 01:17:17,320
it's very sensitive to what we put it on

1701
01:17:22,739 --> 01:17:19,659
so that the great thing about the

1702
01:17:26,160 --> 01:17:22,749
missions that we've flown is we've flown

1703
01:17:29,489 --> 01:17:26,170
this material on Stardust and weave it

1704
01:17:31,410 --> 01:17:29,499
is flying right now on osiris-rex and

1705
01:17:33,660 --> 01:17:31,420
that's those two were single pieces

1706
01:17:36,209 --> 01:17:33,670
because they're about this big less than

1707
01:17:40,560 --> 01:17:36,219
a metre in diameter a single piece of

1708
01:17:42,629 --> 01:17:40,570
pica for Mars for our MSL so for the

1709
01:17:45,080 --> 01:17:42,639
spacecraft that took curiosity and for

1710
01:17:47,700 --> 01:17:45,090
Mars 2020 which will take the next Rover

1711
01:17:50,580 --> 01:17:47,710
we're doing it we have to do it in tiles

1712
01:17:53,609 --> 01:17:50,590
but all of those missions they get to

1713
01:17:57,060 --> 01:17:53,619
they're bonded on to a composite that

1714
01:17:59,370 --> 01:17:57,070
have similar expansion properties when

1715
01:18:02,609 --> 01:17:59,380
you get it warm which is good if we had

1716
01:18:05,339 --> 01:18:02,619
to put this on metal then we might have

1717
01:18:09,509 --> 01:18:05,349
to use strain isolation pads okay so we

1718
01:18:12,930 --> 01:18:09,519
go to the more flexible substrate we

1719
01:18:14,700 --> 01:18:12,940
have a little more flexibility and what

1720
01:18:17,069 --> 01:18:14,710
we did want to because it has a higher

1721
01:18:19,259 --> 01:18:17,079
strain to failure if you pull this it

1722
01:18:21,299 --> 01:18:19,269
goes and breaks into two pieces

1723
01:18:23,970 --> 01:18:21,309
if you pull some of the other materials

1724
01:18:26,430 --> 01:18:23,980
they kind of stretch and and they don't

1725
01:18:27,810 --> 01:18:26,440
break you don't get chunks falling off

1726
01:18:29,430 --> 01:18:27,820
so then we have a ton of questions

1727
01:18:31,140 --> 01:18:29,440
coming in so we can just keep going

1728
01:18:32,700 --> 01:18:31,150
through this what one would this is from

1729
01:18:35,220 --> 01:18:32,710
a while back but it was space TV now

1730
01:18:36,779 --> 01:18:35,230
asked is the peak of material similar to

1731
01:18:41,850 --> 01:18:36,789
what's used to protect the Parker Solar

1732
01:18:45,419 --> 01:18:41,860
Probe no no Parker Solar Probe is carbon

1733
01:18:49,529 --> 01:18:45,429
carbon it is very very dense it's a

1734
01:18:52,250 --> 01:18:49,539
carbon carbon cloth mixture that that's

1735
01:18:54,839 --> 01:18:52,260
filled with carbon it's very dense very

1736
01:18:57,600 --> 01:18:54,849
high conductivity but then that's placed

1737
01:19:00,390 --> 01:18:57,610
over a carbon foam to try to insulate it

1738
01:19:03,060 --> 01:19:00,400
okay yeah this could not handle the

1739
01:19:04,379 --> 01:19:03,070
heating that the woman and Zeller propyl

1740
01:19:06,049 --> 01:19:04,389
see that was another question that came

1741
01:19:08,929 --> 01:19:06,059
through I'm gonna see who

1742
01:19:10,549 --> 01:19:08,939
okay this is a toads ire is asking does

1743
01:19:15,919 --> 01:19:10,559
it insulate as well as provide heat

1744
01:19:19,040 --> 01:19:15,929
resistance yes because of the phenolic

1745
01:19:21,559 --> 01:19:19,050
it's a very and a low-density it's a

1746
01:19:23,659 --> 01:19:21,569
very nice insulator but it also can

1747
01:19:25,459 --> 01:19:23,669
handle very high heating on the surface

1748
01:19:27,889 --> 01:19:25,469
so you get high temperatures at the

1749
01:19:30,619 --> 01:19:27,899
surface but at the at the interface it

1750
01:19:32,509 --> 01:19:30,629
stays cool so it's kind of the people

1751
01:19:35,329 --> 01:19:32,519
have talked about we used to be able to

1752
01:19:40,879 --> 01:19:35,339
have a torch and show a shuttle tile and

1753
01:19:43,159 --> 01:19:40,889
hold it and well no fire here in that

1754
01:19:46,759 --> 01:19:43,169
regard in that the way that the phenolic

1755
01:19:49,219 --> 01:19:46,769
works it will protect the material okay

1756
01:19:50,540 --> 01:19:49,229
now how are we on time I would love to

1757
01:19:52,159 --> 01:19:50,550
sit and talk with you all day Robin

1758
01:19:54,290 --> 01:19:52,169
about all things heat shield but

1759
01:19:57,709 --> 01:19:54,300
unfortunately we do have to say goodbye

1760
01:19:58,969 --> 01:19:57,719
right but for our users our viewers at

1761
01:20:00,619 --> 01:19:58,979
home if you want to learn more about

1762
01:20:03,199 --> 01:20:00,629
Robins research you can check out our

1763
01:20:21,139 --> 01:20:03,209
past episode about the science of heat

1764
01:20:22,399 --> 01:20:21,149
shields alright so let's go ahead and

1765
01:20:31,219 --> 01:20:22,409
bring up our next guest

1766
01:20:33,889 --> 01:20:31,229
Don so Don why don't you yes my lucky

1767
01:20:35,750 --> 01:20:33,899
day today nothing but presents so while

1768
01:20:37,339 --> 01:20:35,760
Matt is going ahead and opening up as

1769
01:20:38,779 --> 01:20:37,349
present so why don't you tell us a

1770
01:20:40,069 --> 01:20:38,789
little bit about yourself in what you do

1771
01:20:42,379 --> 01:20:40,079
here at Ames okay

1772
01:20:45,049 --> 01:20:42,389
well I'm an aerospace engineer at Ames

1773
01:20:46,939 --> 01:20:45,059
and I've done a lot of Windtunnel

1774
01:20:49,159 --> 01:20:46,949
testing of advanced aircraft concepts

1775
01:20:51,949 --> 01:20:49,169
okay so you mentioned wind tunnel like

1776
01:20:54,409 --> 01:20:51,959
what is a wind tunnel wind tunnel it's

1777
01:20:56,479 --> 01:20:54,419
very cool it's basically a large tube

1778
01:20:59,689 --> 01:20:56,489
and we pump air through there sometimes

1779
01:21:01,609 --> 01:20:59,699
at very high speeds okay there are large

1780
01:21:03,799 --> 01:21:01,619
tunnels I can take a full-size airplane

1781
01:21:06,139 --> 01:21:03,809
like a 737 can actually fit in our

1782
01:21:08,239 --> 01:21:06,149
largest wind tunnel and we've put

1783
01:21:10,189 --> 01:21:08,249
fighter airplanes in there there are

1784
01:21:11,989 --> 01:21:10,199
also smaller wind tunnels that are used

1785
01:21:13,669 --> 01:21:11,999
when we need to go to higher speeds in

1786
01:21:16,699 --> 01:21:13,679
the tunnel and then we put in a scale

1787
01:21:17,830 --> 01:21:16,709
model in the wind tunnel okay so I'm

1788
01:21:21,919 --> 01:21:17,840
guessing

1789
01:21:25,129 --> 01:21:21,929
involved in that it may be say it is

1790
01:21:29,330 --> 01:21:25,139
Donner last guess he is not he's not we

1791
01:21:37,729 --> 01:21:33,919
I am very gentle I think okay ready and

1792
01:21:41,419 --> 01:21:37,739
here we go it might be upside down is

1793
01:21:42,770 --> 01:21:41,429
that there we go there we go because I

1794
01:21:46,069 --> 01:21:42,780
don't want to mess it I don't want to

1795
01:22:00,529 --> 01:21:46,079
mess it up I want to be very gentle with

1796
01:22:02,810 --> 01:22:00,539
it there we go okay everything so I love

1797
01:22:04,939 --> 01:22:02,820
these models this is one of our actual

1798
01:22:06,890 --> 01:22:04,949
wind tunnel models that I have run in

1799
01:22:11,569 --> 01:22:06,900
the wind tunnel at speeds of Mach 1.6

1800
01:22:13,339 --> 01:22:11,579
and 1.8 before we know what's dive down

1801
01:22:15,200 --> 01:22:13,349
to details like what is when you're

1802
01:22:17,509 --> 01:22:15,210
talking Mach speed like what is that guy

1803
01:22:20,450 --> 01:22:17,519
so mark is the speed of the airplane

1804
01:22:22,279 --> 01:22:20,460
relative to the speed of sound so Mach 1

1805
01:22:24,080 --> 01:22:22,289
is at the speed of sound

1806
01:22:25,879 --> 01:22:24,090
okay whatever altitude you're at at

1807
01:22:29,359 --> 01:22:25,889
cruising altitude the speed of sound is

1808
01:22:32,750 --> 01:22:29,369
about 660 miles an hour so we've tested

1809
01:22:34,640 --> 01:22:32,760
this up to mach 1.8 which is a little

1810
01:22:37,040 --> 01:22:34,650
bit over 1,100 miles per hour in the

1811
01:22:39,049 --> 01:22:37,050
wind tunnel so I've stood outside the

1812
01:22:40,160 --> 01:22:39,059
wind tunnel watching the wind go by but

1813
01:22:40,790 --> 01:22:40,170
of course you can't see you can't see

1814
01:22:42,680 --> 01:22:40,800
wind

1815
01:22:44,750 --> 01:22:42,690
unless there's fog in the tunnel but

1816
01:22:48,290 --> 01:22:44,760
anyway we watch this ride in the wind

1817
01:22:52,939 --> 01:22:48,300
tunnel with those speeds okay so you had

1818
01:22:54,950 --> 01:22:52,949
mentioned the these you know wind

1819
01:22:57,740 --> 01:22:54,960
tunnels like why do we use them like

1820
01:23:00,500 --> 01:22:57,750
what's so special about him they're

1821
01:23:02,569 --> 01:23:00,510
great because you can test an airplane

1822
01:23:04,939 --> 01:23:02,579
either a full-size airplane or a scale

1823
01:23:06,439 --> 01:23:04,949
model of it in flight I mean in on the

1824
01:23:08,029 --> 01:23:06,449
ground instead of doing it in flight

1825
01:23:09,319 --> 01:23:08,039
where if you don't know what the

1826
01:23:11,509 --> 01:23:09,329
aerodynamics of the airplane are gonna

1827
01:23:13,189 --> 01:23:11,519
be you needs to test the tunnel to

1828
01:23:14,990 --> 01:23:13,199
simulate the real physics of it and

1829
01:23:16,759 --> 01:23:15,000
measure the aerodynamics of it and in my

1830
01:23:20,299 --> 01:23:16,769
case we're measuring the sonic boom of

1831
01:23:22,640 --> 01:23:20,309
these supersonic airliners and so we can

1832
01:23:24,350 --> 01:23:22,650
learn about those characteristics before

1833
01:23:27,200 --> 01:23:24,360
we take the airplane to flight I'll just

1834
01:23:28,100 --> 01:23:27,210
say four that way so Delaine this is the

1835
01:23:29,779 --> 01:23:28,110
first question right out of the gate

1836
01:23:30,590 --> 01:23:29,789
it's like but why is that know so long

1837
01:23:40,190 --> 01:23:30,600
so

1838
01:23:42,050 --> 01:23:40,200
that is the best question regarding sits

1839
01:23:44,660 --> 01:23:42,060
the first one anyway

1840
01:23:48,380 --> 01:23:44,670
the nose is so long because to design

1841
01:23:50,930 --> 01:23:48,390
for a quiet sonic boom you want weak

1842
01:23:52,280 --> 01:23:50,940
shockwaves up in front you don't want

1843
01:23:54,980 --> 01:23:52,290
these strong shock waves like the

1844
01:23:56,810 --> 01:23:54,990
Concorde airliner and modern fighter

1845
01:23:58,220 --> 01:23:56,820
aircraft they do have sharp noses but

1846
01:24:00,770 --> 01:23:58,230
they're not nearly so long and slender

1847
01:24:02,600 --> 01:24:00,780
as this and so they produce a strong

1848
01:24:05,060 --> 01:24:02,610
shockwave a shockwave is a sudden

1849
01:24:08,390 --> 01:24:05,070
pressure rise from one point to the next

1850
01:24:10,070 --> 01:24:08,400
and and if you have a strong shock in

1851
01:24:12,980 --> 01:24:10,080
the front then the sonic boom is gonna

1852
01:24:14,960 --> 01:24:12,990
be a very loud boom boom sound yeah and

1853
01:24:19,760 --> 01:24:14,970
you can feel it thump your chest and all

1854
01:24:22,310 --> 01:24:19,770
that NASA Armstrong over in the Mojave

1855
01:24:24,560 --> 01:24:22,320
Desert and they were running test flight

1856
01:24:27,950 --> 01:24:24,570
flights and NOAA sonic booms it feels

1857
01:24:30,380 --> 01:24:27,960
like a legit earthquake like a 4.5 like

1858
01:24:35,480 --> 01:24:30,390
the whole building shakes yeah but of

1859
01:24:37,160 --> 01:24:35,490
course it's very short yes yes so yeah

1860
01:24:39,370 --> 01:24:37,170
you want weak shocks up in the front and

1861
01:24:41,690 --> 01:24:39,380
then the sonic boom will not be a strong

1862
01:24:43,400 --> 01:24:41,700
sudden pressurize at the ground but it

1863
01:24:45,230 --> 01:24:43,410
would be a gradual pressure rise and

1864
01:24:48,020 --> 01:24:45,240
that will sound more like a sonic thump

1865
01:24:51,680 --> 01:24:48,030
yeah and be much quieter and it won't

1866
01:24:53,870 --> 01:24:51,690
give the earthquake type of sensation oh

1867
01:24:56,750 --> 01:24:53,880
we've got a bunch of questions that are

1868
01:25:00,080 --> 01:24:56,760
coming in so we got black swarm says how

1869
01:25:02,510 --> 01:25:00,090
cool and asks what was the most ordinary

1870
01:25:06,920 --> 01:25:02,520
or most unordinary thing you saw in a

1871
01:25:10,910 --> 01:25:06,930
wind tunnel actually I've seen a picture

1872
01:25:15,380 --> 01:25:10,920
of a submarine in a wind tunnel well

1873
01:25:18,380 --> 01:25:15,390
it's all fluid dynamics right okay fluid

1874
01:25:20,270 --> 01:25:18,390
you measure the air dynamics around

1875
01:25:23,510 --> 01:25:20,280
submarine but I guess we're getting way

1876
01:25:26,510 --> 01:25:23,520
off topic I think coolest thing I've

1877
01:25:28,520 --> 01:25:26,520
seen are these sonic boom models nice no

1878
01:25:30,020 --> 01:25:28,530
these are really nice looking models

1879
01:25:32,480 --> 01:25:30,030
here I'm open when I retire that NASA

1880
01:25:35,060 --> 01:25:32,490
will let me take this a soupy seven was

1881
01:25:37,790 --> 01:25:35,070
asking when will this fly for real for

1882
01:25:41,210 --> 01:25:37,800
real okay that is a good question

1883
01:25:44,020 --> 01:25:41,220
okay this their place yeah we're testing

1884
01:25:47,230 --> 01:25:44,030
it NASA is working on a lot

1885
01:25:49,000 --> 01:25:47,240
technologies to enable future supersonic

1886
01:25:50,980 --> 01:25:49,010
air travel right now it's banned from

1887
01:25:53,140 --> 01:25:50,990
supersonic flight over land because of

1888
01:25:53,920 --> 01:25:53,150
the loudness of the sonic boom but we're

1889
01:25:56,770 --> 01:25:53,930
working on that

1890
01:25:58,390 --> 01:25:56,780
and so NASA's latest and greatest thing

1891
01:26:00,070 --> 01:25:58,400
is that we're taking the lessons learned

1892
01:26:03,310 --> 01:26:00,080
from the tests of these type of models

1893
01:26:04,510 --> 01:26:03,320
and applying it to the next NASA X plane

1894
01:26:11,580 --> 01:26:04,520
which would be the low boom flight

1895
01:26:15,910 --> 01:26:13,630
there's the picture of the low boom

1896
01:26:19,980 --> 01:26:15,920
flight demonstrator has been designed by

1897
01:26:23,050 --> 01:26:19,990
Lockheed Palmdale along with NASA people

1898
01:26:25,270 --> 01:26:23,060
overseeing it so that is being built

1899
01:26:26,590 --> 01:26:25,280
right now it was just started it'll be

1900
01:26:29,500 --> 01:26:26,600
flying a little bit over three years

1901
01:26:31,420 --> 01:26:29,510
from now okay and that will be the first

1902
01:26:32,920 --> 01:26:31,430
airplane in the world ever flown that

1903
01:26:35,320 --> 01:26:32,930
was designed from scratch to have a

1904
01:26:37,330 --> 01:26:35,330
quiet sonic boom it's pretty cool the

1905
01:26:38,920 --> 01:26:37,340
boom level for modern fighter aircraft

1906
01:26:41,170 --> 01:26:38,930
of the Concord is like a hundred two

1907
01:26:43,960 --> 01:26:41,180
hundred and ten decibels which is like a

1908
01:26:46,030 --> 01:26:43,970
very loud rock concert or something boom

1909
01:26:47,980 --> 01:26:46,040
level from the lb-ft low boom flight

1910
01:26:51,430 --> 01:26:47,990
demonstrator is expecting to be less

1911
01:26:53,380 --> 01:26:51,440
than 75 decibels well realistically how

1912
01:26:55,570 --> 01:26:53,390
does that impact I'm like I recently

1913
01:26:57,460 --> 01:26:55,580
took a flight from San Francisco to DC

1914
01:26:59,740 --> 01:26:57,470
knows about like four or five hours give

1915
01:27:01,090 --> 01:26:59,750
or take what would SuperSonics what

1916
01:27:02,800 --> 01:27:01,100
would that flight eventually look like

1917
01:27:04,630 --> 01:27:02,810
well if we're flying at twice the speed

1918
01:27:06,010 --> 01:27:04,640
of the subsonic airliners we'll get

1919
01:27:09,330 --> 01:27:06,020
there and just a little bit more than

1920
01:27:11,800 --> 01:27:09,340
half the time Wow like two hours well

1921
01:27:14,230 --> 01:27:11,810
closer to three I think okay from here

1922
01:27:23,290 --> 01:27:14,240
to DC but like from here to London and

1923
01:27:26,110 --> 01:27:23,300
five and six hours so a whole bunch of

1924
01:27:28,710 --> 01:27:26,120
questions I see caronia is asking what

1925
01:27:31,360 --> 01:27:28,720
about the many wings and fins it has

1926
01:27:33,970 --> 01:27:31,370
yeah that's a good question here so you

1927
01:27:36,640 --> 01:27:33,980
can see the wing planform it's got a

1928
01:27:38,620 --> 01:27:36,650
very sharp very highly smoked wings here

1929
01:27:40,150 --> 01:27:38,630
and then the wings extend out then it

1930
01:27:43,120 --> 01:27:40,160
has little winglets you've seen the

1931
01:27:45,790 --> 01:27:43,130
winglets on different airplanes it's not

1932
01:27:48,700 --> 01:27:45,800
like 737s they have a lot of winglets so

1933
01:27:50,770 --> 01:27:48,710
these are we call them v tails if you

1934
01:27:53,200 --> 01:27:50,780
look at this view from the front here

1935
01:27:56,080 --> 01:27:53,210
then you can see that they're up at

1936
01:27:57,760 --> 01:27:56,090
about a 45 degree angle they've served

1937
01:27:59,860 --> 01:27:57,770
the function of both a horizontal

1938
01:28:01,930 --> 01:27:59,870
stabilizer in the back as well as the

1939
01:28:03,730 --> 01:28:01,940
vertical stabilizer and there would be

1940
01:28:05,800 --> 01:28:03,740
rudders on these to help steer the

1941
01:28:07,360 --> 01:28:05,810
airplane as well as help it in banks and

1942
01:28:10,540 --> 01:28:07,370
stuff so a question just jumped up from

1943
01:28:15,520 --> 01:28:10,550
the Snack Wrap is I know right these are

1944
01:28:17,440 --> 01:28:15,530
awesome names so the question is like

1945
01:28:19,900 --> 01:28:17,450
would there be a big jump in turbulence

1946
01:28:22,210 --> 01:28:19,910
as the plane hits the sonic boom four

1947
01:28:23,440 --> 01:28:22,220
people in the plane yeah well if any of

1948
01:28:25,000 --> 01:28:23,450
you've seen the movie the right stuff

1949
01:28:27,130 --> 01:28:25,010
when Chuck Yeager broke the sound

1950
01:28:28,600 --> 01:28:27,140
barrier for the first time it shows that

1951
01:28:29,980 --> 01:28:28,610
the airplane shook a lot as he went

1952
01:28:32,740 --> 01:28:29,990
through Mach 1 mm-hmm

1953
01:28:35,470 --> 01:28:32,750
and that's true it did shake a lot for

1954
01:28:37,450 --> 01:28:35,480
him modern airplanes like the f-18

1955
01:28:39,100 --> 01:28:37,460
fighter or the f-15 they don't really

1956
01:28:41,410 --> 01:28:39,110
shake as you go through Mach 1 they're

1957
01:28:43,540 --> 01:28:41,420
designed to go supersonic yeah so the

1958
01:28:45,280 --> 01:28:43,550
turbulence is really very small and I

1959
01:28:46,960 --> 01:28:45,290
think I think these would be even

1960
01:28:49,110 --> 01:28:46,970
smoother the concorde apparently was

1961
01:28:51,220 --> 01:28:49,120
very smooth as it went through Mach 1

1962
01:28:53,110 --> 01:28:51,230
okay so it looks like one of the

1963
01:28:55,030 --> 01:28:53,120
questions that we have is like why

1964
01:29:00,130 --> 01:28:55,040
wouldn't a simulation be sufficient for

1965
01:29:01,870 --> 01:29:00,140
testing that's from a golden luck wind

1966
01:29:03,880 --> 01:29:01,880
tunnels and supercomputers that crunch

1967
01:29:05,950 --> 01:29:03,890
numbers talk about that symbiotic

1968
01:29:09,190 --> 01:29:05,960
relationship well it's really a triad

1969
01:29:11,140 --> 01:29:09,200
research ok so back in the early days of

1970
01:29:13,450 --> 01:29:11,150
aviation we just ran things in the one

1971
01:29:15,010 --> 01:29:13,460
time we didn't have computers okay so we

1972
01:29:17,170 --> 01:29:15,020
do wind tunnel test and it's using real

1973
01:29:18,490 --> 01:29:17,180
air so it's got the real physics but

1974
01:29:20,110 --> 01:29:18,500
it's a scale model and there are

1975
01:29:23,230 --> 01:29:20,120
compromises when you have a model like

1976
01:29:25,410 --> 01:29:23,240
this for a computer simulation we have

1977
01:29:28,510 --> 01:29:25,420
the supercomputer and they can predict

1978
01:29:31,570 --> 01:29:28,520
many great features about the flow but

1979
01:29:33,070 --> 01:29:31,580
they're not quite the real thing so we

1980
01:29:34,810 --> 01:29:33,080
want to go to flight to really

1981
01:29:37,420 --> 01:29:34,820
demonstrate it and in particular for the

1982
01:29:40,150 --> 01:29:37,430
low bloom flight demonstrator we're not

1983
01:29:42,070 --> 01:29:40,160
going to get the FAA and the whole

1984
01:29:44,020 --> 01:29:42,080
international community to believe that

1985
01:29:45,790 --> 01:29:44,030
we know how to design planes for a quiet

1986
01:29:48,340 --> 01:29:45,800
sonic boom until we actually go up and

1987
01:29:51,760 --> 01:29:48,350
fly it so we're gonna do that in the

1988
01:29:54,730 --> 01:29:51,770
years 20 22 through 24 fly that airplane

1989
01:29:56,860 --> 01:29:54,740
over communities all over the US and get

1990
01:29:57,820 --> 01:29:56,870
the public's reaction to the sonic thump

1991
01:30:01,570 --> 01:29:57,830
from it yeah

1992
01:30:02,920 --> 01:30:01,580
no longer be a sonic boom so they're not

1993
01:30:04,390 --> 01:30:02,930
gonna believe it's just from the ground

1994
01:30:06,310 --> 01:30:04,400
test data and from the computer

1995
01:30:07,870 --> 01:30:06,320
simulation they'll believe it when we

1996
01:30:09,130 --> 01:30:07,880
actually fly an airplane and they can

1997
01:30:09,899 --> 01:30:09,140
stand out there and hear it with their

1998
01:30:12,390 --> 01:30:09,909
own ears

1999
01:30:13,950 --> 01:30:12,400
so mr. man 1 to 4 is if I want to work

2000
01:30:15,600 --> 01:30:13,960
at NASA do you think a degree in

2001
01:30:21,030 --> 01:30:15,610
aerospace engineering would help me get

2002
01:30:23,100 --> 01:30:21,040
recruited the whole point mr. man yeah

2003
01:30:28,080 --> 01:30:23,110
that's what my degrees are in aerospace

2004
01:30:31,439 --> 01:30:28,090
engineering I got the job if you want my

2005
01:30:33,510 --> 01:30:31,449
job come and take it in a few years time

2006
01:30:35,370 --> 01:30:33,520
for about one more question before we do

2007
01:30:37,620 --> 01:30:35,380
have to say bye to dot okay let's hit

2008
01:30:39,120 --> 01:30:37,630
this from sometimes I lie is like with

2009
01:30:41,220 --> 01:30:39,130
this technology eventually be used on

2010
01:30:43,320 --> 01:30:41,230
commercial airliners the whole idea that

2011
01:30:44,939 --> 01:30:43,330
is the whole point so there will

2012
01:30:46,919 --> 01:30:44,949
probably be supersonic business jets

2013
01:30:49,080 --> 01:30:46,929
first and there are some companies that

2014
01:30:50,939 --> 01:30:49,090
are starting to make those they think

2015
01:30:53,010 --> 01:30:50,949
that they're going to be flying them for

2016
01:30:55,050 --> 01:30:53,020
the public within five or maybe eight

2017
01:30:58,560 --> 01:30:55,060
years or so I'm not sure there's gonna

2018
01:31:00,720 --> 01:30:58,570
be low boom like the lb-ft will be but

2019
01:31:02,490 --> 01:31:00,730
there'll be business jets first for the

2020
01:31:04,379 --> 01:31:02,500
rich and famous and they'll build

2021
01:31:06,360 --> 01:31:04,389
airliners and granted ticket prices be

2022
01:31:08,370 --> 01:31:06,370
high but hopefully in the coming decades

2023
01:31:14,010 --> 01:31:08,380
ticket prices will come down can hella

2024
01:31:16,020 --> 01:31:14,020
gate normally works exactly okay well

2025
01:31:18,209 --> 01:31:16,030
thank you so much for joining us Don

2026
01:31:21,000 --> 01:31:18,219
it's been a pleasure and just as a

2027
01:31:22,919 --> 01:31:21,010
reminder you're watching NASA in Silicon

2028
01:31:25,879 --> 01:31:22,929
Valley live and if you have any

2029
01:31:30,240 --> 01:31:25,889
questions for our guests feel free to

2030
01:31:32,910 --> 01:31:30,250
write them in the chat so up next we're

2031
01:31:39,350 --> 01:31:32,920
gonna go ahead and bring out my cell by

2032
01:31:39,360 --> 01:31:47,479
everybody else bringing the biggest gift

2033
01:31:51,660 --> 01:31:50,399
a little bit about about yourself at

2034
01:31:54,270 --> 01:31:51,670
some of the research that you do here

2035
01:31:56,160 --> 01:31:54,280
sure so I'm a I'm a researcher engineer

2036
01:31:58,680 --> 01:31:56,170
here at the air space operation

2037
01:32:00,180 --> 01:31:58,690
laboratory I mainly do research and air

2038
01:32:04,760 --> 01:32:00,190
traffic management and air traffic

2039
01:32:08,160 --> 01:32:04,770
systems for both manned and unmanned I

2040
01:32:09,750 --> 01:32:08,170
also do outreach events and on top of

2041
01:32:12,780 --> 01:32:09,760
that when we have where we do a flight

2042
01:32:14,760 --> 01:32:12,790
testing us in the field I do and support

2043
01:32:25,320 --> 01:32:14,770
those flight tests as a human factors

2044
01:32:31,169 --> 01:32:28,990
like my lack of fingernails okay here we

2045
01:32:51,729 --> 01:32:33,910
and I look at five cells face to see if

2046
01:32:55,840 --> 01:32:51,739
he's like cave on more he was like oh no

2047
01:32:56,140 --> 01:32:55,850
it's a very gentle tape all right here

2048
01:33:01,629 --> 01:32:56,150
we go

2049
01:33:03,910 --> 01:33:01,639
oh yeah okay this is what everybody in

2050
01:33:11,620 --> 01:33:03,920
the chat is I'm sure hoping to get for

2051
01:33:16,629 --> 01:33:11,630
Christmas bring this bad boy on out like

2052
01:33:19,840 --> 01:33:16,639
what's obviously everyone knows what is

2053
01:33:22,359 --> 01:33:19,850
but like why drones like why is NASA

2054
01:33:24,520 --> 01:33:22,369
getting involved in this research well

2055
01:33:27,760 --> 01:33:24,530
you just mentioned you know John said

2056
01:33:31,270 --> 01:33:27,770
becoming a hot topic out there and not

2057
01:33:33,280 --> 01:33:31,280
only for commercial use but also for

2058
01:33:35,830 --> 01:33:33,290
government use Public Safety and the

2059
01:33:37,240 --> 01:33:35,840
general public and so when you have so

2060
01:33:38,800 --> 01:33:37,250
many joints up in the air you need to

2061
01:33:41,290 --> 01:33:38,810
have a way to manage them

2062
01:33:42,820 --> 01:33:41,300
yeah and Ames go and talk to talk a

2063
01:33:45,070 --> 01:33:42,830
little bit about Ames Ames has a long

2064
01:33:50,890 --> 01:33:45,080
history in air traffic management

2065
01:33:53,320 --> 01:33:50,900
research and air traffic system research

2066
01:33:56,590 --> 01:33:53,330
as well so they actually took the

2067
01:34:02,709 --> 01:33:56,600
challenge into developing an air traffic

2068
01:34:05,439 --> 01:34:02,719
management system for drones okay so so

2069
01:34:07,030 --> 01:34:05,449
you said that we have this drone traffic

2070
01:34:08,740 --> 01:34:07,040
system but like how is it different from

2071
01:34:10,510 --> 01:34:08,750
air traffic control like is it a

2072
01:34:13,090 --> 01:34:10,520
software-based or is it Hardware base

2073
01:34:19,570 --> 01:34:13,100
it's yeah that's a good question so it's

2074
01:34:22,270 --> 01:34:19,580
a cloud software base and it's different

2075
01:34:24,700 --> 01:34:22,280
because we're talking about hundreds of

2076
01:34:28,000 --> 01:34:24,710
thousands of drones flying in the air so

2077
01:34:30,070 --> 01:34:28,010
with the air traffic management we use

2078
01:34:31,450 --> 01:34:30,080
for manned aviation today you actually

2079
01:34:33,700 --> 01:34:31,460
have a controller on the ground

2080
01:34:34,510 --> 01:34:33,710
controlling each of the aircraft so when

2081
01:34:36,190 --> 01:34:34,520
you have

2082
01:34:38,140 --> 01:34:36,200
of thousands of these John's flying it's

2083
01:34:40,240 --> 01:34:38,150
gonna be very difficult for those

2084
01:34:40,750 --> 01:34:40,250
controllers to manage all of those

2085
01:34:43,780 --> 01:34:40,760
Strong's

2086
01:34:46,210 --> 01:34:43,790
right so what that's decided Oona's aims

2087
01:34:48,370 --> 01:34:46,220
we decided to come up with a fully

2088
01:34:51,120 --> 01:34:48,380
autonomous cloud-based system software

2089
01:34:55,480 --> 01:34:51,130
system that would do most of the job

2090
01:34:57,160 --> 01:34:55,490
with automation okay so I was gonna say

2091
01:34:59,320 --> 01:34:57,170
so if we get mark and Jesse we have

2092
01:35:01,030 --> 01:34:59,330
wobbly waffle over here is yelling in

2093
01:35:03,610 --> 01:35:01,040
the chat saying zoom in on the drone

2094
01:35:05,350 --> 01:35:03,620
Dave so I'm gonna say mark and Jesse

2095
01:35:08,020 --> 01:35:05,360
there we go and then Dave is gonna

2096
01:35:10,750 --> 01:35:08,030
switch it switch over to that okay so

2097
01:35:12,040 --> 01:35:10,760
you know as you know drones come in

2098
01:35:13,390 --> 01:35:12,050
different sizes and shapes and

2099
01:35:15,220 --> 01:35:13,400
performances right you can have drones

2100
01:35:17,140 --> 01:35:15,230
that could fit in the palm of your your

2101
01:35:19,810 --> 01:35:17,150
hand two joints that are as big as a

2102
01:35:21,910 --> 01:35:19,820
manned aviation okay so what we have

2103
01:35:24,280 --> 01:35:21,920
here actually is a quadcopter you have

2104
01:35:26,080 --> 01:35:24,290
four motors here and these drones could

2105
01:35:27,670 --> 01:35:26,090
have different payloads right and for

2106
01:35:29,710 --> 01:35:27,680
this example you have a place here for a

2107
01:35:31,270 --> 01:35:29,720
camera but he can place the camera here

2108
01:35:32,950 --> 01:35:31,280
but others could have like airborne

2109
01:35:38,950 --> 01:35:32,960
radar so you can have drones that would

2110
01:35:40,060 --> 01:35:38,960
do delivery as well okay I mean I mean

2111
01:35:42,580 --> 01:35:40,070
we know that like there's the air

2112
01:35:46,240 --> 01:35:42,590
traffic controllers are human based and

2113
01:35:47,950 --> 01:35:46,250
they're very busy and very stressed and

2114
01:35:49,690 --> 01:35:47,960
you can imagine they're not gonna have a

2115
01:35:52,270 --> 01:35:49,700
good time if you start flooding the

2116
01:35:54,490 --> 01:35:52,280
airspace and they're tracking hundreds

2117
01:35:56,680 --> 01:35:54,500
thousands and thousands of drones so

2118
01:35:58,360 --> 01:35:56,690
that's the whole idea like this traffic

2119
01:36:01,030 --> 01:35:58,370
management is like what is an automated

2120
01:36:04,480 --> 01:36:01,040
traffic management for drone so that's a

2121
01:36:06,850 --> 01:36:04,490
software yeah it's a software based but

2122
01:36:10,270 --> 01:36:06,860
in terms of like those rules that you

2123
01:36:11,710 --> 01:36:10,280
have to follow for example you know one

2124
01:36:15,760 --> 01:36:11,720
of the first things we got to look at is

2125
01:36:17,740 --> 01:36:15,770
how do you what do you do when you're

2126
01:36:20,380 --> 01:36:17,750
using this the software might you would

2127
01:36:22,690 --> 01:36:20,390
submit on an operational volume you know

2128
01:36:25,000 --> 01:36:22,700
and/or you can think about it as a safe

2129
01:36:28,210 --> 01:36:25,010
zone okay so you're telling the system

2130
01:36:30,310 --> 01:36:28,220
you your intention so I'm gonna fly in

2131
01:36:32,380 --> 01:36:30,320
this area between this time and this

2132
01:36:35,140 --> 01:36:32,390
time so that's one the first thing that

2133
01:36:37,660 --> 01:36:35,150
you would do another things that you do

2134
01:36:38,920 --> 01:36:37,670
also is a caddy what do we avoid these

2135
01:36:41,890 --> 01:36:38,930
joints from hitting each other right

2136
01:36:43,510 --> 01:36:41,900
yeah and how do we avoid having these

2137
01:36:46,729 --> 01:36:43,520
drones getting getting in the way of man

2138
01:36:49,160 --> 01:36:46,739
deviations right like GA or

2139
01:36:50,750 --> 01:36:49,170
general aviation aircraft or a

2140
01:36:51,890 --> 01:36:50,760
helicopters I'm also sure people on the

2141
01:36:53,870 --> 01:36:51,900
ground I'm gonna want to hear buzzing

2142
01:36:56,359 --> 01:36:53,880
over their houses non-stop you know

2143
01:36:58,609 --> 01:36:56,369
exactly right so one way is to share

2144
01:37:01,310 --> 01:36:58,619
those intentions and also technologies

2145
01:37:03,259 --> 01:37:01,320
that would be part of this type of

2146
01:37:06,470 --> 01:37:03,269
Joanie's a third thing that we're

2147
01:37:09,379 --> 01:37:06,480
looking at is probably a priori prior to

2148
01:37:11,000 --> 01:37:09,389
priority operations okay so we're

2149
01:37:12,950 --> 01:37:11,010
talking about public safety in this case

2150
01:37:17,600 --> 01:37:12,960
right thank you search-and-rescue might

2151
01:37:19,609 --> 01:37:17,610
get priority over a pizza yes right so

2152
01:37:22,399 --> 01:37:19,619
if you think of I'll give you an example

2153
01:37:25,370 --> 01:37:22,409
so you have hundreds of thousands flying

2154
01:37:27,799 --> 01:37:25,380
of drones flying in there and you have

2155
01:37:30,799 --> 01:37:27,809
different applications from delivery to

2156
01:37:33,080 --> 01:37:30,809
railroad inspection and so on and

2157
01:37:35,120 --> 01:37:33,090
there's a an emergency a fire emergency

2158
01:37:38,149 --> 01:37:35,130
so the fire department would want to

2159
01:37:39,379 --> 01:37:38,159
send their joints up okay so what would

2160
01:37:42,500 --> 01:37:39,389
happen is they would have a higher

2161
01:37:45,709 --> 01:37:42,510
priority credential once they submit

2162
01:37:47,330 --> 01:37:45,719
that anything that actually gets under

2163
01:37:49,489 --> 01:37:47,340
way of that operation would get messages

2164
01:37:50,899 --> 01:37:49,499
right get out of the way for example

2165
01:37:52,489 --> 01:37:50,909
like when you're driving on the road

2166
01:37:53,930 --> 01:37:52,499
today and you hear about the truck

2167
01:38:00,220 --> 01:37:53,940
behind you with the siren woody would

2168
01:38:02,060 --> 01:38:00,230
you it's the same concept there okay so

2169
01:38:03,950 --> 01:38:02,070
actually think we have a really cool

2170
01:38:07,759 --> 01:38:03,960
video if you guys hey Bill can we get

2171
01:38:10,279 --> 01:38:07,769
that brought up lucky so this is one of

2172
01:38:14,600 --> 01:38:10,289
the automations we use for youth UTM

2173
01:38:19,370 --> 01:38:14,610
project so you see those the red area is

2174
01:38:20,509 --> 01:38:19,380
that operation volume or or safe zone as

2175
01:38:23,330 --> 01:38:20,519
you would say and then you see the

2176
01:38:24,529 --> 01:38:23,340
litter on flying and those darker spots

2177
01:38:26,359 --> 01:38:24,539
as behind the joints it's like the

2178
01:38:27,739 --> 01:38:26,369
positions update that is sending the

2179
01:38:30,919 --> 01:38:27,749
system right we want to know where the

2180
01:38:33,109 --> 01:38:30,929
drone is and what it's doing and again

2181
01:38:35,089 --> 01:38:33,119
this is a an application like in

2182
01:38:38,000 --> 01:38:35,099
agriculture so you can see it scan in

2183
01:38:39,919 --> 01:38:38,010
the fields so like the the UTM the the

2184
01:38:41,270 --> 01:38:39,929
traffic management it was where all the

2185
01:38:42,830 --> 01:38:41,280
drones are all the time makes for sure

2186
01:38:45,169 --> 01:38:42,840
they're not clashing keeping them in

2187
01:38:46,970 --> 01:38:45,179
where they need to go exactly so that's

2188
01:38:48,649 --> 01:38:46,980
the idea is sharing your intention to

2189
01:38:51,200 --> 01:38:48,659
those that needs to know we have a ton

2190
01:38:52,669 --> 01:38:51,210
of questions one is that from open I

2191
01:38:54,560 --> 01:38:52,679
just clicked on a button but all right

2192
01:38:56,600 --> 01:38:54,570
wait does the quadcopter configurations

2193
01:38:59,530 --> 01:38:56,610
have any advantages over a tricopter

2194
01:39:04,930 --> 01:39:01,990
no not in this matter yeah it doesn't

2195
01:39:08,500 --> 01:39:04,940
matter all it's mostly like fixed wings

2196
01:39:12,010 --> 01:39:08,510
versus not fixed wings right in terms of

2197
01:39:14,170 --> 01:39:12,020
like if you have more rotors if you lose

2198
01:39:16,810 --> 01:39:14,180
one you can still fly if there was

2199
01:39:19,420 --> 01:39:16,820
safety reasons that would fly a little

2200
01:39:20,770 --> 01:39:19,430
bit better in a wicked tender as asking

2201
01:39:22,630 --> 01:39:20,780
what practical applications have been

2202
01:39:24,130 --> 01:39:22,640
implemented search-and-rescue land

2203
01:39:26,860 --> 01:39:24,140
surveys

2204
01:39:28,570 --> 01:39:26,870
well we test different use cases in our

2205
01:39:31,360 --> 01:39:28,580
test so we do a lot of our testing at

2206
01:39:34,180 --> 01:39:31,370
six fields across the nation's six test

2207
01:39:37,270 --> 01:39:34,190
sites across the nation we do it in New

2208
01:39:41,350 --> 01:39:37,280
York Virginia Texas North Dakota Alaska

2209
01:39:43,300 --> 01:39:41,360
and Nevada each of the test that has

2210
01:39:45,100 --> 01:39:43,310
their own unique characteristic in terms

2211
01:39:47,620 --> 01:39:45,110
of environment you know from the hot to

2212
01:39:51,880 --> 01:39:47,630
the cold from the high elevation to the

2213
01:39:57,040 --> 01:39:51,890
low elevation and so in those test size

2214
01:39:59,770 --> 01:39:57,050
we do search and rescue scenarios we do

2215
01:40:05,190 --> 01:39:59,780
also did Public Safety other public

2216
01:40:07,960 --> 01:40:05,200
safety as fire Jassi scenarios or cell

2217
01:40:10,510 --> 01:40:07,970
cell tower inspection temperature it was

2218
01:40:12,640 --> 01:40:10,520
delivery type of scenario so we do a lot

2219
01:40:14,920 --> 01:40:12,650
of those scenario sites so there's a

2220
01:40:17,080 --> 01:40:14,930
question that just jumped in this is

2221
01:40:18,490 --> 01:40:17,090
from resonator games is asking what's

2222
01:40:20,230 --> 01:40:18,500
the process for moving a consumer

2223
01:40:24,010 --> 01:40:20,240
product like a drone into serious

2224
01:40:25,870 --> 01:40:24,020
research by NASA well most of our flying

2225
01:40:28,570 --> 01:40:25,880
is done by our partners right this does

2226
01:40:31,090 --> 01:40:28,580
this was unique about this project is we

2227
01:40:34,420 --> 01:40:31,100
work very closely with our partners or

2228
01:40:36,010 --> 01:40:34,430
the industry and the FAA and so those

2229
01:40:38,770 --> 01:40:36,020
partners that actually flying drones

2230
01:40:41,560 --> 01:40:38,780
drones that are very similar to this to

2231
01:40:44,610 --> 01:40:41,570
Jones that are much larger so in terms

2232
01:40:48,010 --> 01:40:44,620
of like what you would see in a real

2233
01:40:50,170 --> 01:40:48,020
retail store or online you can find

2234
01:40:53,110 --> 01:40:50,180
these any just by searching you can buy

2235
01:40:55,900 --> 01:40:53,120
them they're okay right how are we

2236
01:40:58,720 --> 01:40:55,910
looking at time one last question I'm

2237
01:41:01,180 --> 01:40:58,730
gonna pick a good one well that's here

2238
01:41:04,120 --> 01:41:01,190
this is golden luck is asking what would

2239
01:41:07,000 --> 01:41:04,130
happen if a rogue drone in interfered

2240
01:41:07,720 --> 01:41:07,010
during a task oh that's a good question

2241
01:41:10,420 --> 01:41:07,730
actually

2242
01:41:11,530 --> 01:41:10,430
good question gold lock we have rules in

2243
01:41:12,879 --> 01:41:11,540
terms stuff like when joints are

2244
01:41:14,109 --> 01:41:12,889
actually following the rules

2245
01:41:15,929 --> 01:41:14,119
what would happen if one of them

2246
01:41:19,149 --> 01:41:15,939
actually gets out of the way right so

2247
01:41:22,179 --> 01:41:19,159
when we talked about the safe zones for

2248
01:41:25,089 --> 01:41:22,189
the operation volumes if that drone or

2249
01:41:27,299 --> 01:41:25,099
operator or the operator of the joint

2250
01:41:29,919 --> 01:41:27,309
gets out of that operation volume

2251
01:41:32,319 --> 01:41:29,929
messages will be sent out to everybody

2252
01:41:34,330 --> 01:41:32,329
that's it's gonna affect right so it

2253
01:41:36,879 --> 01:41:34,340
allows the other drone operators to act

2254
01:41:40,239 --> 01:41:36,889
appropriately if they need to get out of

2255
01:41:42,069 --> 01:41:40,249
the way land so yeah that's that's a

2256
01:41:43,600 --> 01:41:42,079
rogue state of a joint and so we make

2257
01:41:44,859 --> 01:41:43,610
sure that messages are sent out to the

2258
01:41:48,129 --> 01:41:44,869
right people that need to know about it

2259
01:41:50,529 --> 01:41:48,139
okay well thank you for cell for

2260
01:41:52,659 --> 01:41:50,539
definitely joining us and as a reminder

2261
01:41:55,120 --> 01:41:52,669
you're watching a NASA in Silicon Valley

2262
01:41:57,310 --> 01:41:55,130
live and if you have any questions for

2263
01:41:59,949 --> 01:41:57,320
our guests please write it in the chat

2264
01:42:03,609 --> 01:41:59,959
and we're gonna go ahead and bring out

2265
01:42:15,759 --> 01:42:03,619
our next guest next guess we've got

2266
01:42:16,750 --> 01:42:15,769
evade evade I don't know if Caitlyn has

2267
01:42:26,949 --> 01:42:16,760
the link but we also did a podcast

2268
01:42:28,689 --> 01:42:26,959
awhile back for those that have not met

2269
01:42:30,250 --> 01:42:28,699
you before like tell us a little bit

2270
01:42:32,350 --> 01:42:30,260
about yourself like what what area of

2271
01:42:34,239 --> 01:42:32,360
research do you do here at Ames sure so

2272
01:42:35,620 --> 01:42:34,249
my name is dr. van strife and I direct

2273
01:42:37,419 --> 01:42:35,630
something called the laboratory for

2274
01:42:39,639 --> 01:42:37,429
advanced sensing in the Earth Sciences

2275
01:42:41,679 --> 01:42:39,649
Division okay so I get a really cool job

2276
01:42:44,049 --> 01:42:41,689
I get to invent new imaging technologies

2277
01:42:46,600 --> 01:42:44,059
and try to explore things we haven't

2278
01:43:08,770 --> 01:42:46,610
seen yet on planet Earth Oh excellent

2279
01:43:11,350 --> 01:43:08,780
so are we jumping into this almost

2280
01:43:12,939 --> 01:43:11,360
ruined Dave and Bill set design over

2281
01:43:15,760 --> 01:43:12,949
here

2282
01:43:18,910 --> 01:43:15,770
so all right that's a pretty cool one we

2283
01:43:21,820 --> 01:43:18,920
got some toys in here I'm gonna look

2284
01:43:27,010 --> 01:43:21,830
over at vade to let us know all right

2285
01:43:28,660 --> 01:43:27,020
you brought me don't be shy tell us what

2286
01:43:31,000 --> 01:43:28,670
we're looking at over here so this is

2287
01:43:33,400 --> 01:43:31,010
called the NASA food cam instrument and

2288
01:43:35,800 --> 01:43:33,410
what it is is one of the first

2289
01:43:38,860 --> 01:43:35,810
technologies able to look through ocean

2290
01:43:41,380 --> 01:43:38,870
waves so what I specialized in right now

2291
01:43:43,419 --> 01:43:41,390
is studying systems particularly in the

2292
01:43:45,370 --> 01:43:43,429
ocean that we haven't been able to see

2293
01:43:47,860 --> 01:43:45,380
before from satellites or aircraft and

2294
01:43:50,650 --> 01:43:47,870
actually as of 2018 we've been able to

2295
01:43:54,220 --> 01:43:50,660
map all of the Mars all of Mars and the

2296
01:43:56,200 --> 01:43:54,230
moon in optical wavelengths but we have

2297
01:43:58,150 --> 01:43:56,210
only mapped about 5% of the seafloor

2298
01:43:59,979 --> 01:43:58,160
okay and so this is one of the first

2299
01:44:01,689 --> 01:43:59,989
instruments that's able to get down and

2300
01:44:03,310 --> 01:44:01,699
look through ocean waves that really

2301
01:44:06,100 --> 01:44:03,320
cause problems when we try to image

2302
01:44:07,840 --> 01:44:06,110
systems like coral reefs or kelp forests

2303
01:44:09,310 --> 01:44:07,850
yeah and I know like when you're looking

2304
01:44:11,410 --> 01:44:09,320
at through those oceans like looking at

2305
01:44:12,880 --> 01:44:11,420
coral reefs and you know you have the

2306
01:44:13,720 --> 01:44:12,890
waves yeah there's all this distortion

2307
01:44:16,360 --> 01:44:13,730
that's the thing you've been working

2308
01:44:18,400 --> 01:44:16,370
quite a bit on of like an algorithm or

2309
01:44:20,530 --> 01:44:18,410
how do you end up like getting through

2310
01:44:22,090 --> 01:44:20,540
that noise I guess sure so actually if

2311
01:44:24,340 --> 01:44:22,100
you go to a swimming pool you can see

2312
01:44:25,689 --> 01:44:24,350
this phenomena pretty commonly in fact I

2313
01:44:27,130 --> 01:44:25,699
think I have a video showing a

2314
01:44:32,740 --> 01:44:27,140
simulation of the phenomena on our

2315
01:44:34,300 --> 01:44:32,750
supercomputer this is the port so if you

2316
01:44:36,400 --> 01:44:34,310
look on the left you'll actually see

2317
01:44:38,380 --> 01:44:36,410
what a typical image looks like from a

2318
01:44:40,330 --> 01:44:38,390
drone or from an aircraft or spacecraft

2319
01:44:42,130 --> 01:44:40,340
looking down at the ocean there's a lot

2320
01:44:44,590 --> 01:44:42,140
of reflection from the surface of the

2321
01:44:46,870 --> 01:44:44,600
ocean as well as distortions caused by

2322
01:44:49,750 --> 01:44:46,880
these waves and those distortions can

2323
01:44:51,490 --> 01:44:49,760
move or move the apparent location of

2324
01:44:53,500 --> 01:44:51,500
things underwater which makes it very

2325
01:44:56,140 --> 01:44:53,510
difficult to study anything that's

2326
01:44:57,430 --> 01:44:56,150
underwater over time because you things

2327
01:44:59,080 --> 01:44:57,440
appear to be moving and you can't

2328
01:45:01,030 --> 01:44:59,090
actually resolve them very well

2329
01:45:02,650 --> 01:45:01,040
so this instruments capable of doing is

2330
01:45:06,220 --> 01:45:02,660
create the picture on the right which is

2331
01:45:08,080 --> 01:45:06,230
a very clear 3d picture of an entire

2332
01:45:10,120 --> 01:45:08,090
marine environment in this case this is

2333
01:45:12,010 --> 01:45:10,130
from a campaign we did in American Samoa

2334
01:45:14,229 --> 01:45:12,020
where we're looking at a coral reef

2335
01:45:16,120 --> 01:45:14,239
ecosystem and you can see you know some

2336
01:45:17,740 --> 01:45:16,130
what's really underneath the surface is

2337
01:45:20,110 --> 01:45:17,750
tremendous there's a huge amount of

2338
01:45:22,060 --> 01:45:20,120
biodiversity Sparco fuan is asking how

2339
01:45:24,880 --> 01:45:22,070
deep can this camera see but that's a

2340
01:45:26,709 --> 01:45:24,890
great question so we use passive light

2341
01:45:28,720 --> 01:45:26,719
and reflected sunlight off of this or

2342
01:45:31,120 --> 01:45:28,730
at the ocean unfortunately because of

2343
01:45:32,560 --> 01:45:31,130
the properties of water sunlight only

2344
01:45:34,510 --> 01:45:32,570
goes down to about a hundred meters

2345
01:45:36,090 --> 01:45:34,520
depth what we call the photic zone

2346
01:45:38,380 --> 01:45:36,100
that's where the majority of

2347
01:45:40,420 --> 01:45:38,390
photosynthetic organisms in the ocean

2348
01:45:42,070 --> 01:45:40,430
are located okay so that means that we

2349
01:45:44,080 --> 01:45:42,080
can only see down to a depth of about

2350
01:45:46,150 --> 01:45:44,090
100 meters with his instrument Amna

2351
01:45:48,430 --> 01:45:46,160
slash 79 was asking that like nasa can

2352
01:45:50,650 --> 01:45:48,440
it mapped the marina trench how deep can

2353
01:45:52,270 --> 01:45:50,660
it map so sure so the first hundred

2354
01:45:54,250 --> 01:45:52,280
meters is really just the surface of the

2355
01:45:56,320 --> 01:45:54,260
ocean the average depth of the ocean is

2356
01:45:57,939 --> 01:45:56,330
four thousand meters so it's a long way

2357
01:45:59,290 --> 01:45:57,949
to go and we actually have another

2358
01:46:01,930 --> 01:45:59,300
instrument that perhaps I'll talk about

2359
01:46:03,370 --> 01:46:01,940
next time that's designed to look in the

2360
01:46:05,590 --> 01:46:03,380
deep-sea environments and be able to

2361
01:46:08,830 --> 01:46:05,600
illuminate them but even if you look at

2362
01:46:11,470 --> 01:46:08,840
the the first 30 meters of water and you

2363
01:46:13,150 --> 01:46:11,480
go from the coastline you mark out that

2364
01:46:14,920 --> 01:46:13,160
encompasses an area of Earth that's

2365
01:46:17,320 --> 01:46:14,930
larger than the land area of Earth it's

2366
01:46:19,510 --> 01:46:17,330
a really a huge region and those regions

2367
01:46:21,790 --> 01:46:19,520
are very productive biologically they're

2368
01:46:23,770 --> 01:46:21,800
responsible for a lot of climate related

2369
01:46:25,990 --> 01:46:23,780
changes in our environment so it's very

2370
01:46:29,709 --> 01:46:26,000
important to understand what they look

2371
01:46:31,000 --> 01:46:29,719
like and how they change over time well

2372
01:46:35,640 --> 01:46:31,010
actually he just answered I was gonna

2373
01:46:38,860 --> 01:46:35,650
have why Weiss why study the oceans it

2374
01:46:40,570 --> 01:46:38,870
sure to be it is fascinating my

2375
01:46:42,160 --> 01:46:40,580
background is actually in astrophysics

2376
01:46:43,990 --> 01:46:42,170
that I was very keen to look for life

2377
01:46:45,760 --> 01:46:44,000
elsewhere in the universe only to

2378
01:46:47,860 --> 01:46:45,770
realize what I got to the field that

2379
01:46:50,770 --> 01:46:47,870
we've barely scratched the surface on

2380
01:46:52,890 --> 01:46:50,780
earth there are tremendous discoveries

2381
01:46:55,060 --> 01:46:52,900
to be made yet in the ocean mega squid

2382
01:46:57,490 --> 01:46:55,070
cephalopods sperm whales you name it

2383
01:46:59,530 --> 01:46:57,500
plate sized amoebas there's just a lot

2384
01:47:02,140 --> 01:46:59,540
of biodiversity in our own backyard then

2385
01:47:04,330 --> 01:47:02,150
unfortunately we're losing very quickly

2386
01:47:07,090 --> 01:47:04,340
and unless we develop new instruments

2387
01:47:09,010 --> 01:47:07,100
new technologies to map the seafloor we

2388
01:47:10,630 --> 01:47:09,020
really won't have a good grasp on the

2389
01:47:11,920 --> 01:47:10,640
life that we know that exists on our own

2390
01:47:14,140 --> 01:47:11,930
planet and this is a cool the

2391
01:47:16,000 --> 01:47:14,150
intersection of astrophysics and then

2392
01:47:19,000 --> 01:47:16,010
like earth science this goes the space

2393
01:47:21,130 --> 01:47:19,010
TV net it was asking could a device like

2394
01:47:23,320 --> 01:47:21,140
this see through ice get something

2395
01:47:25,990 --> 01:47:23,330
similar be used on spacecraft like the

2396
01:47:33,750 --> 01:47:26,000
Europa clipper like spacecraft that's

2397
01:47:38,530 --> 01:47:36,459
but one of the interesting features on

2398
01:47:40,220 --> 01:47:38,540
earth that this instrument utilizes is

2399
01:47:42,800 --> 01:47:40,230
there's sort of it happens to

2400
01:47:45,680 --> 01:47:42,810
we have the properties of water and air

2401
01:47:48,020 --> 01:47:45,690
and gravity that when you see waves at a

2402
01:47:50,090 --> 01:47:48,030
swimming pool or on the ocean they form

2403
01:47:52,700 --> 01:47:50,100
these natural lenses and those lenses

2404
01:47:54,440 --> 01:47:52,710
appear to magnify an object or D magnify

2405
01:47:56,660 --> 01:47:54,450
an object and this instruments capable

2406
01:47:58,520 --> 01:47:56,670
of using those traveling lenses as

2407
01:48:00,470 --> 01:47:58,530
microscopes to see deeper in the water

2408
01:48:02,870 --> 01:48:00,480
column so unfortunately if you if you

2409
01:48:04,490 --> 01:48:02,880
change one of the parameters of the

2410
01:48:07,400 --> 01:48:04,500
earth system let's say you replace the

2411
01:48:08,810 --> 01:48:07,410
oceans with alcohols the properties are

2412
01:48:10,700 --> 01:48:08,820
different and they don't actually form

2413
01:48:12,380 --> 01:48:10,710
lenses in the way that that the ocean

2414
01:48:14,450 --> 01:48:12,390
does so it's really quite fortunate that

2415
01:48:17,030 --> 01:48:14,460
we have the physics that we do on our

2416
01:48:19,700 --> 01:48:17,040
surface but definitely we're looking at

2417
01:48:21,770 --> 01:48:19,710
exploring to use using this technique on

2418
01:48:23,600 --> 01:48:21,780
on different worlds and places like

2419
01:48:27,050 --> 01:48:23,610
Titan where there is liquid hydrocarbons

2420
01:48:28,610 --> 01:48:27,060
the questions come in it may be answered

2421
01:48:29,870 --> 01:48:28,620
by the algorithm and by the stuff that

2422
01:48:32,120 --> 01:48:29,880
you're working on it's like our photos

2423
01:48:34,940 --> 01:48:32,130
generally taken directly above to

2424
01:48:37,540 --> 01:48:34,950
minimize the effects from refractive

2425
01:48:44,710 --> 01:48:37,550
index or does that not matter yes

2426
01:48:49,520 --> 01:48:47,930
underneath a pool and you look up you'll

2427
01:48:51,350 --> 01:48:49,530
notice that there's a certain angle that

2428
01:48:53,900 --> 01:48:51,360
which light appears to reflect off the

2429
01:48:55,610 --> 01:48:53,910
surface so there's really a sweet spot

2430
01:48:56,810 --> 01:48:55,620
in where you want to image so that light

2431
01:48:59,090 --> 01:48:56,820
doesn't completely reflect off the

2432
01:49:01,310 --> 01:48:59,100
surface or cause internal reflection

2433
01:49:03,590 --> 01:49:01,320
typically when we fly this instrument

2434
01:49:04,910 --> 01:49:03,600
this flies on drones a little larger

2435
01:49:06,740 --> 01:49:04,920
than the one that if I saw was showing

2436
01:49:08,690 --> 01:49:06,750
but we fly them over corals using those

2437
01:49:11,900 --> 01:49:08,700
drones and they typically look nadir

2438
01:49:13,970 --> 01:49:11,910
straight down okay so someone actually

2439
01:49:17,660 --> 01:49:13,980
wants to know can this be used to locate

2440
01:49:20,360 --> 01:49:17,670
the garbage in the oceans yes we've

2441
01:49:27,260 --> 01:49:20,370
we've caught a lot of marine debris what

2442
01:49:30,350 --> 01:49:27,270
we call the trash of the ocean she's a

2443
01:49:32,030 --> 01:49:30,360
crafty lady and she debris is really

2444
01:49:34,130 --> 01:49:32,040
scattered unfortunately among a lot of

2445
01:49:37,190 --> 01:49:34,140
the reef systems were looking at we see

2446
01:49:38,780 --> 01:49:37,200
a lot of coral we actually have large

2447
01:49:41,240 --> 01:49:38,790
data sets that we can comb through and

2448
01:49:43,460 --> 01:49:41,250
count the percentage of coral in an area

2449
01:49:46,430 --> 01:49:43,470
or sand and we see a lot of tires a lot

2450
01:49:47,900 --> 01:49:46,440
of use plastics that unfortunately brush

2451
01:49:49,880 --> 01:49:47,910
up on the reef during storm events and

2452
01:49:52,310 --> 01:49:49,890
stay there so question this is

2453
01:49:53,150 --> 01:49:52,320
electromagnetism how and why would you

2454
01:49:55,600 --> 01:49:53,160
use

2455
01:49:58,760 --> 01:49:55,610
this camera to study the health of reefs

2456
01:50:01,130 --> 01:49:58,770
sure so really this systems the first

2457
01:50:02,990 --> 01:50:01,140
that's been able to image them robustly

2458
01:50:04,850 --> 01:50:03,000
through different sea States so by

2459
01:50:06,320 --> 01:50:04,860
looking at them at the scales that they

2460
01:50:07,790 --> 01:50:06,330
grow at which is typically one

2461
01:50:10,070 --> 01:50:07,800
centimetre per year this would be for

2462
01:50:11,450 --> 01:50:10,080
coral reefs we can really understand how

2463
01:50:13,250 --> 01:50:11,460
they're changing as a function of

2464
01:50:15,770 --> 01:50:13,260
changing sea temperatures or climates

2465
01:50:17,030 --> 01:50:15,780
the datasets it produces are very

2466
01:50:18,920 --> 01:50:17,040
similar to what you would see if you

2467
01:50:21,260 --> 01:50:18,930
were diving in a reef system and we

2468
01:50:23,510 --> 01:50:21,270
haven't had that ability to survey

2469
01:50:25,460 --> 01:50:23,520
ecosystems at that scale over large

2470
01:50:27,050 --> 01:50:25,470
areas before typically we would send

2471
01:50:30,290 --> 01:50:27,060
teams of divers to study in the region

2472
01:50:32,000 --> 01:50:30,300
for about a week now we can send a drone

2473
01:50:34,760 --> 01:50:32,010
over and actually map that whole island

2474
01:50:37,730 --> 01:50:34,770
and actually those those datasets can be

2475
01:50:44,740 --> 01:50:37,740
very large and we have a video game

2476
01:50:50,060 --> 01:50:47,600
it's called Nemo net and you'll be able

2477
01:50:52,430 --> 01:50:50,070
to fly around our 3d datasets of coral

2478
01:50:54,230 --> 01:50:52,440
and actually you get trained by a few

2479
01:50:56,510 --> 01:50:54,240
scientists and you can start painting

2480
01:50:58,160 --> 01:50:56,520
and coloring coral in 3d and that data

2481
01:51:01,300 --> 01:50:58,170
helps us understand where the reef we

2482
01:51:04,790 --> 01:51:01,310
need a game Awards style of like

2483
01:51:07,400 --> 01:51:04,800
premiere trailer or something like that

2484
01:51:10,070 --> 01:51:07,410
like an iOS kind of thing or like on a

2485
01:51:11,750 --> 01:51:10,080
phone or is it like an app or something

2486
01:51:14,720 --> 01:51:11,760
sure so right now we've developed it for

2487
01:51:16,070 --> 01:51:14,730
iOS and Android as well as for desktops

2488
01:51:18,830 --> 01:51:16,080
we have a large gaming table that's

2489
01:51:20,600 --> 01:51:18,840
multi-touch so we really just want users

2490
01:51:22,520 --> 01:51:20,610
to be able to see the corals as if you

2491
01:51:24,170 --> 01:51:22,530
were a fish in that system and be able

2492
01:51:25,850 --> 01:51:24,180
to also help classify it because one of

2493
01:51:28,160 --> 01:51:25,860
the challenges with these ecosystems is

2494
01:51:30,500 --> 01:51:28,170
one we don't have really good data about

2495
01:51:33,140 --> 01:51:30,510
this and the data that we do have is so

2496
01:51:35,480 --> 01:51:33,150
complex in diversity that it's very hard

2497
01:51:37,340 --> 01:51:35,490
to classify it by humans so we could

2498
01:51:38,750 --> 01:51:37,350
have teams of graduate students you know

2499
01:51:40,760 --> 01:51:38,760
painstakingly going through and

2500
01:51:43,010 --> 01:51:40,770
classifying them or we can open it up to

2501
01:51:46,220 --> 01:51:43,020
the public oh wow it's just like you

2502
01:51:48,740 --> 01:51:46,230
open-source it everybody else well we

2503
01:51:51,260 --> 01:51:48,750
are fans of doing video game episodes

2504
01:51:52,430 --> 01:51:51,270
over here so when it comes out we'll

2505
01:51:54,050 --> 01:51:52,440
need to have you come on in and we'll

2506
01:51:56,000 --> 01:51:54,060
start you can show everybody how to play

2507
01:51:57,860 --> 01:51:56,010
it and start the ratings in the game so

2508
01:52:02,890 --> 01:51:57,870
whoever classifies it best starts

2509
01:52:04,540 --> 01:52:02,900
ranking trophies in it

2510
01:52:08,020 --> 01:52:04,550
we actually we have a really cool

2511
01:52:09,700 --> 01:52:08,030
question from hak val he wants to know

2512
01:52:11,500 --> 01:52:09,710
is this instrument backed by super

2513
01:52:13,330 --> 01:52:11,510
computers or is it's completely

2514
01:52:15,280 --> 01:52:13,340
standalone that's another good question

2515
01:52:17,350 --> 01:52:15,290
so when I started developing the

2516
01:52:18,930 --> 01:52:17,360
algorithm as a doctoral student it

2517
01:52:21,640 --> 01:52:18,940
required a lot of computational power

2518
01:52:23,410 --> 01:52:21,650
fortunately I was also interning at NASA

2519
01:52:25,270 --> 01:52:23,420
Ames and using using the kids

2520
01:52:27,220 --> 01:52:25,280
supercomputer so it started its life

2521
01:52:28,180 --> 01:52:27,230
there and then that's actually one of

2522
01:52:30,580 --> 01:52:28,190
the reasons why we developed this

2523
01:52:33,360 --> 01:52:30,590
instrument we needed a lot of compute

2524
01:52:35,560 --> 01:52:33,370
power onboard because we're recording

2525
01:52:36,670 --> 01:52:35,570
thousands of frames per second of image

2526
01:52:38,710 --> 01:52:36,680
data and then that data is being

2527
01:52:41,260 --> 01:52:38,720
processed to just produce one high

2528
01:52:43,360 --> 01:52:41,270
resolution 2d picture for region so

2529
01:52:44,440 --> 01:52:43,370
really this is a flying computer and

2530
01:52:45,640 --> 01:52:44,450
this can perform a lot of those

2531
01:52:47,920 --> 01:52:45,650
computations on board

2532
01:52:50,170 --> 01:52:47,930
owing to all the GPUs and CPUs that

2533
01:52:56,320 --> 01:52:50,180
we've packed in there Santiago is asking

2534
01:52:58,390 --> 01:52:56,330
why the USB ports hardware so you can

2535
01:52:59,650 --> 01:52:58,400
see the guts of the instrument but to

2536
01:53:01,240 --> 01:52:59,660
take the data out we actually just

2537
01:53:03,310 --> 01:53:01,250
ripped the hard drives directly out

2538
01:53:05,380 --> 01:53:03,320
because it's too slow to transfer

2539
01:53:07,300 --> 01:53:05,390
otherwise and that's why we put so much

2540
01:53:09,400 --> 01:53:07,310
computing power on board is so that we

2541
01:53:12,100 --> 01:53:09,410
can process the data delete what we

2542
01:53:13,930 --> 01:53:12,110
don't need and only send down the final

2543
01:53:16,150 --> 01:53:13,940
data set so when we eventually put this

2544
01:53:18,040 --> 01:53:16,160
up into orbit to test in the space

2545
01:53:20,640 --> 01:53:18,050
environment we can start pulling down

2546
01:53:23,230 --> 01:53:20,650
data without clogging up all of our

2547
01:53:24,310 --> 01:53:23,240
Brandon not-safe-for-work is asking if

2548
01:53:34,480 --> 01:53:24,320
this is gonna be better than League of

2549
01:53:37,780 --> 01:53:34,490
Legends player get ready for the eSports

2550
01:53:40,180 --> 01:53:37,790
version teams competing and who can like

2551
01:53:42,820 --> 01:53:40,190
classify the most the fastest I'm liking

2552
01:53:44,470 --> 01:53:42,830
it so uh okay Rey sonic was also asking

2553
01:53:46,180 --> 01:53:44,480
well the video game ever be used to

2554
01:53:50,320 --> 01:53:46,190
perform citizen science on the data

2555
01:53:51,880 --> 01:53:50,330
collected yes we want you to classify

2556
01:53:54,520 --> 01:53:51,890
the corals because we really can't all

2557
01:53:55,720 --> 01:53:54,530
do it ourselves there's a citizen

2558
01:53:57,070 --> 01:53:55,730
science component of the game where

2559
01:53:58,720 --> 01:53:57,080
users get trained and they start

2560
01:54:00,970 --> 01:53:58,730
classifying and we have a lot of error

2561
01:54:03,160 --> 01:54:00,980
correction so users that are very good

2562
01:54:05,260 --> 01:54:03,170
we have a lot of examples of coral that

2563
01:54:07,810 --> 01:54:05,270
have been classified by experts those

2564
01:54:09,880 --> 01:54:07,820
can be can be sort of used as references

2565
01:54:11,560 --> 01:54:09,890
for other players to rate them and then

2566
01:54:14,080 --> 01:54:11,570
as users get better we give them harder

2567
01:54:15,549 --> 01:54:14,090
and harder datasets form of active

2568
01:54:17,830 --> 01:54:15,559
learning in the game where we

2569
01:54:19,990 --> 01:54:17,840
give them all the hard cases and then

2570
01:54:21,100 --> 01:54:20,000
that feeds into possibly way more

2571
01:54:23,520 --> 01:54:21,110
interesting than getting a whole bunch

2572
01:54:26,470 --> 01:54:23,530
of students and interns coming in

2573
01:54:28,600 --> 01:54:26,480
forcing it I think we have time for one

2574
01:54:34,560 --> 01:54:28,610
last question one last question before

2575
01:54:38,620 --> 01:54:38,169
all right let's go for okay let's get a

2576
01:54:40,720 --> 01:54:38,630
good one

2577
01:54:42,729 --> 01:54:40,730
all right so golden luck who's been

2578
01:54:44,799 --> 01:54:42,739
doing pretty good so far is the camera

2579
01:54:48,069 --> 01:54:44,809
purely a digital camera or does it

2580
01:54:50,319 --> 01:54:48,079
capture IR data points ah good question

2581
01:54:52,270 --> 01:54:50,329
so infrared unfortunately doesn't

2582
01:54:54,760 --> 01:54:52,280
penetrate through the ocean surface

2583
01:54:57,220 --> 01:54:54,770
water absorbs most of it within the

2584
01:54:59,140 --> 01:54:57,230
first micron of the surface which is why

2585
01:55:01,060 --> 01:54:59,150
it's so hard to study the oceans because

2586
01:55:03,640 --> 01:55:01,070
we just have a narrow band of light in

2587
01:55:05,020 --> 01:55:03,650
the visible to blue an ultraviolet that

2588
01:55:08,709 --> 01:55:05,030
actually gets down into the water column

2589
01:55:11,260 --> 01:55:08,719
so this is primarily an ultraviolet - I

2590
01:55:13,510 --> 01:55:11,270
would say late far-red or in your

2591
01:55:17,649 --> 01:55:13,520
infrared instrument to study things that

2592
01:55:19,689 --> 01:55:17,659
go through underwater I think we're at

2593
01:55:21,459 --> 01:55:19,699
about that time am i right it is it's

2594
01:55:23,740 --> 01:55:21,469
time for us to wrap up and say goodbye

2595
01:55:25,600 --> 01:55:23,750
man this is about that time

2596
01:55:28,240 --> 01:55:25,610
thanks so much mate this has been really

2597
01:55:31,569 --> 01:55:28,250
cool awesome camera you just sit tight

2598
01:55:34,000 --> 01:55:31,579
right there as I get to like look at my

2599
01:55:37,390 --> 01:55:34,010
look all my gifts that I've gotten so

2600
01:55:39,580 --> 01:55:37,400
folks this has been NASA in Silicon

2601
01:55:41,979 --> 01:55:39,590
Valley live it is a conversational show

2602
01:55:43,450 --> 01:55:41,989
from NASA's Ames Research Center in

2603
01:55:44,979 --> 01:55:43,460
Silicon Valley where we talk to the

2604
01:55:47,439 --> 01:55:44,989
various scientists researchers engineers

2605
01:55:49,899 --> 01:55:47,449
and all-around cool people like my buddy

2606
01:55:51,490 --> 01:55:49,909
vade over here we talk about all the

2607
01:55:53,319 --> 01:55:51,500
nerdy NASA news that you know about that

2608
01:55:55,990 --> 01:55:53,329
you want to learn know about and if you

2609
01:55:57,939 --> 01:55:56,000
like it we are live on twitch TV slash

2610
01:55:59,649 --> 01:55:57,949
NASA didn't catch us live don't you

2611
01:56:01,330 --> 01:55:59,659
worry about it it is right after the

2612
01:56:03,160 --> 01:56:01,340
show is over it'll be available on

2613
01:56:05,080 --> 01:56:03,170
demand on Twitch and on YouTube and

2614
01:56:08,080 --> 01:56:05,090
you'll also be catching reruns over on

2615
01:56:09,819 --> 01:56:08,090
NASA TV if you're an audio listener will

2616
01:56:13,240 --> 01:56:09,829
have it on podcast services throughout

2617
01:56:15,549 --> 01:56:13,250
the solar system and beyond so a huge

2618
01:56:17,049 --> 01:56:15,559
thanks to our guests and especially

2619
01:56:18,850 --> 01:56:17,059
everybody who's sitting in the chat who

2620
01:56:20,859 --> 01:56:18,860
submitted a ton of questions over this

2621
01:56:23,830 --> 01:56:20,869
last a little bit um we're gonna be back

2622
01:56:25,720 --> 01:56:23,840
on Thursday as normal but it's gonna be

2623
01:56:29,229 --> 01:56:25,730
a couple days from now Thursday it is

2624
01:56:31,089 --> 01:56:29,239
January 31st is going to be our next

2625
01:56:33,970 --> 01:56:31,099
and we're gonna be talking about making

2626
01:56:36,759 --> 01:56:33,980
new discoveries with NASA's super

2627
01:56:40,089 --> 01:56:36,769
computers like normal computers but

2628
01:56:41,770 --> 01:56:40,099
super but until then thank you so much

2629
01:56:43,750 --> 01:56:41,780
for joining us in the chat so much thank

2630
01:56:45,629 --> 01:56:43,760
you so much to our guests for coming and